1. Cambridge Consulting Group Bob Anderson Pdf Printers

Buck Kennedy. Stewart McLeod. Harvey Montague. Eliza Kraft Olander. Greg Poole, Jr. Edythe Poyner. Lacy Presnell. Together we are expanding quality programming and services to a greater number of children, teens and families throughout the Triangle. Band Together NC.

Accenture plc (stylised as accent͐ure) is a multinationalprofessional services company that provides services in strategy, consulting, digital, technology and operations. A Fortune Global 500 company,^[5] it has been incorporated in Dublin, Ireland, since 1 September 2009. In 2018, the company reported net revenues of $39.6 billion, with more than 459,000 employees^[3] serving clients in more than 200 cities in 120 countries.^[6] In 2015, the company had about 150,000 employees in India,^[7] about 48,000 in the US,^[8] and about 50,000 in the Philippines.^[9] Accenture's current clients include 92 of the Fortune Global 100 and more than three-quarters of the Fortune Global 500.^[10]

On July 11, 2019, Accenture appointed Julie Sweet as their new Chief Executive Officer. She will accept her office on September 1, 2019. ^[11] Julie Sweet's history in law with diversity is showing to be an important aspect of direction for the company in addition to the focus on transformative technologies yet to be scaled up like Artificial Intelligence, Blockchain, and 5G.^[12]

• 1History

History[edit]

Formation and early years[edit]

Accenture began as the business and technology consulting division of accounting firm Arthur Andersen^[13] in the early 1950s when it conducted a feasibility study for General Electric to install a computer at Appliance Park in Louisville, Kentucky,^[14] which led to GE's installation of a UNIVAC I computer and printer,^[15] believed to be the first commercial use of a computer in the U.S.^[16]Joseph Glickauf, an early pioneer of computer consulting, held a position as head of Arthur Andersen's administrative services division.^[14]

Split from Arthur Andersen[edit]

In 1989, Arthur Andersen and Andersen Consulting became separate units of Andersen Worldwide Société Coopérative (AWSC). Throughout the 1990s, there was increasing tension between Andersen Consulting and Arthur Andersen. Andersen Consulting was paying Arthur Andersen up to 15% of its profits each year (a provision of the 1989 split was that the more profitable unit – whether AA or AC – pay the other the 15 percent), while at the same time Arthur Andersen was competing with Andersen Consulting through its own newly established business consulting service line called Arthur Andersen Business Consulting (AABC). This dispute came to a head in 1998 when Andersen Consulting put the 15% transfer payment for that year and future years into escrow and issued a claim for breach of contract against AWSC and Arthur Andersen. In August 2000, as a result of the conclusion of arbitration with the International Chamber of Commerce, Andersen Consulting broke all contractual ties with AWSC and Arthur Andersen. As part of the arbitration settlement, Andersen Consulting paid the sum held in escrow (then $1.2 billion) to Arthur Andersen, and was required to change its name, resulting in the entity being renamed Accenture.^[17]

Emergence of Accenture[edit]

On 1 January 2001, Andersen Consulting adopted its current name, 'Accenture'. The word 'Accenture' is derived from 'Accent on the future'. The name 'Accenture' was submitted by Kim Petersen, a Danish employee from the company's Oslo, Norway office, as a result of an internal competition. Andersen felt that the name should represent its will to be a global consulting leader and high performer, and also intended that the name should not be offensive in any country in which Accenture operates.^[18]

On 19 July 2001, Accenture's initial public offering (IPO) was priced at $14.50 per share, and the shares began trading on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE); Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley served as its lead underwriters. Accenture stock closed the day at $15.17, with the day's high at $15.25. On the first day of the IPO, Accenture raised nearly $1.7 billion.^[19]

2000s: Bermuda headquarters[edit]

In October 2002, the Congressional General Accounting Office (GAO) identified Accenture as one of four publicly traded federal contractors that were incorporated in a tax haven.^[20] The other three, unlike Accenture, were incorporated in the United States before they re-incorporated in a tax haven, thereby lowering their US taxes. Critics, most notably former CNN journalist Lou Dobbs,^[21] have reported Accenture's decision to incorporate in Bermuda as a US tax avoidance ploy, because they viewed Accenture as having been a US-based company.^[22] The GAO itself did not characterize Accenture as having been a US-based company; it stated that 'prior to incorporating in Bermuda, Accenture was operating as a series of related partnerships and corporations under the control of its partners through the mechanism of contracts with a Swiss coordinating entity.'^[23]

Accenture engaged in an IT overhaul project for the National Health Service (NHS) in 2003, making headlines when it withdrew from the contract in 2006 over disputes related to delays and cost overruns.^[24] The government of the United Kingdom ultimately abandoned the project five years later for the same reasons.^[25]

2010s: Ireland headquarters and recent history[edit]

Cambridge Consulting Group Bob Anderson Pdf Printers

Accenture announced on 26 May 2009 that its board of directors unanimously approved changing the company's place of incorporation from Bermuda to Ireland and would become Accenture plc.^[26]

In 2012 it was revealed Accenture was paying only 3.5% in tax in the United Kingdom, compared to the average rate of 24%.^[27]

Accenture was chosen to replace CGI Group as the lead contractor for HealthCare.gov in January 2014.^[28] In December 2014, Accenture won a $563 million contract to provide ongoing maintenance, software development and technology support for HealthCare.gov through 2019.^[29]

In July 2015, the United States Department of Defense awarded a major Electronic Health Records contract to Cerner, Leidos and Accenture. The contract valued $4.33 billion will serve 55 hospitals and 600 clinics. Accenture Federal Services and Leidos will play the role of configuration specialist, while Cerner is the prime contractor.^[30]

On 29 August 2017, Apple Inc. announced a partnership with Accenture to create iOS business solutions.^[31]

In June 2018, Accenture generated controversy over the amount the firm has been charging to recruit 7,500 Customs and Border Protection officers. Under the $297 million contract, Accenture had been charging the US Government nearly $40,000 per hire, which is more than the annual salary of the average officer.^[32] According to a report published by the DHS Office of Inspector General in December 2018, Accenture had been paid $13.6M through the first ten months of the contract. They had hired two agents against a contract goal of 7,500 hires over 5 years. The report was issued as a 'management alert', indicating an issue requiring immediate attention, stating that 'Accenture has already taken longer to deploy and delivered less capability than promised'.^[33]

In January 2019, CEO Pierre Nanterme stepped down from his position, citing health reasons. Twenty days after stepping down, Nanterme died in France at the age of 59. Chief Financial Officer David Rowland was named as the interim CEO. ^[34]

In February 2019, contractors from Accenture's Austin, Texas location who performed content moderation tasks for Facebook wrote an open letter to Facebook describing poor working conditions and a 'Big Brother environment' that included restricted work breaks and strict non-disclosure agreements.^[35][36][37] A counselor in the Austin office stated that the content moderators could develop posttraumatic stress disorder as a result of the work, which included evaluating videos and images containing graphic violence, hate speech, animal abuse, and child abuse.^[36][38]

In July 2019, Julie Sweet, previously CEO of Accenture North America, was named the new chief executive officer of the firm, effective September 2019. She will replace the interim CEO, David Rowland.^[39]

Finances[edit]

For the fiscal year 2018, Accenture reported earnings of US$4.060 billion, with an annual revenue of US$41.603 billion, an increase of 13.2% over the previous fiscal cycle. Accenture's shares traded at over $159 per share, and its market capitalization was valued at over US$104.2 billion in October 2018.^[40]

Services and operations[edit]

• Accenture Strategy provides business strategy, technology strategy and operations strategy services.^[41]
• Accenture Consulting provides technology, business and management consulting.^[42]
• Accenture Digital provides digital marketing, analytics and mobility services.^[43]
• Accenture Technology focuses on technology solutions, implementation, delivery, and research & development, including its Technology Labs for emerging technologies.^[44]
• Accenture Operations focuses on an 'as-a-service' model of service delivery. This includes business process outsourcing, IT services, cloud services, managed operations, security and infrastructure services.^[45]

Marketing, branding and identity[edit]

In 2011, Accenture launched a new campaign of results-based ads featuring clients such as Marriott, Unilever and the Royal Shakespeare Company alongside its slogan 'High performance Delivered'.^[46] As of 2018, Interbrand ranked Accenture No. 34 on its list of best global brands.^[47] The brand consultancy noted Accenture's focus on branding and marketing of its Accenture Strategy, Accenture Consulting, Accenture Digital, Accenture Technology and Accenture Operations divisions.^[48]

From at least 2005^[49] until December 2009, Accenture used Tiger Woods as a celebrity spokesperson and advertised using the service mark 'Go on, be a Tiger' and the ancillary statement 'We know what it takes to be a Tiger' in association with his image. On 13 December 2009 after details of Woods' extra-marital affairs were exposed, the company terminated Woods' six-year sponsorship deal.^[50]

The company uses a standardised system of branding, with extensive use of the font Graphik.^[51]

From 1999, the firm's culture was parodied by the webcomic Bigtime Consulting, operated pseudonymously by its San Francisco-based employee James Sanchez.^[52][53]

Accenture has implemented policies to reduce gendered discrimination such as gender neutral bathrooms and gender neutral dress-codes. Denise Norris, a transgender activist and Accenture employee, said 'In cultures that don’t embrace gender diversity, Accenture’s workplace can become a haven, a safe space for our transgender employees.'^[54]

Awards[edit]

• In 2016, Accenture was ranked No. 289 on the Forbes Global 2000 list.^[55]
• In 2016, Accenture was ranked No. 312 on the Fortune Global 500 list.^[56]
• In 2016, the firm was named 15th in the Top 50 Companies for Diversity by DiversityInc.^[57]
• In 2017, Accenture was ranked No. 272 on the Forbes Global 2000 list.^[58]
• In 2017, Accenture was ranked No. 305 on the Fortune Global 500 list.^[59]
• In 2017, the firm was named 14th in the Top 50 Companies for Diversity by DiversityInc.^[60]
• Accenture is one of 12 best management consulting firms of 2017 in America according to Forbes.^[61]
• In 2018, Fortune magazine named it as the world's most admired Information Technology Services company.^[62]
• In 2018, Accenture was ranked No. 316 on the Fortune Global 500 list.^[63]
• In 2019, Ethisphere Institute recognized Accenture for the 12th time^[64]
• Fortune named Accenture one of the 100 Best Companies to Work For from 2009 to 2019^[65]
• CR Magazine named Accenture No. 23 in its top 100 Best Corporate Citizens list for 2019^[66]
• In 2019, Accenture was ranked No. 248 on the Forbes Global 2000^[67]
• In 2019, the firm was ranked No. 7 in the Top 50 Companies for Diversity by DiversityInc.^[68]
• In 2019, Fortune magazine named it as the world's most admired Information Technology Services company.^[69]

See also[edit]

• Avanade, an IT consulting subsidiary of Accenture

References[edit]

1. ^David Gelles (11 July 2019). 'Julie Sweet to Run Accenture, Adding a Woman to the Ranks of Corporate C.E.O.s'. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
2. ^Johnson, O'Ryan (20 December 2018). 'Accenture Has $1.5B To Spend On More Acquisitions This Fiscal Year'. CRN.com. Retrieved 17 July 2019.
3. ^ ^abcdef'Accenture Q4 FY 2018 performance'. Accenture.com. Retrieved 27 September 2018.
4. ^'Fact sheet'. Accenture. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
5. ^'Fortune Global 500 – The World's Biggest Companies - Accenture Profile 2011'. CNN. Retrieved 24 March 2014.
6. ^'Accenture Financial Statements 2015'. Accenture.com. 24 September 2015. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
7. ^'Accenture says India employees have to specialise - Times of India'. The Times of India.
8. ^Marek, Lynne (27 February 2016). 'Guess which Illinois company uses the most worker visas'. Crain's Chicago Business. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
9. ^Mini Joseph Tejaswi (18 July 2012). 'Accenture in India'. Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
10. ^'Fact sheet'. Accenture. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
11. ^'Accenture Appoints Julie Sweet Chief Executive Officer and Names David Rowland Executive Chairman, Effective Sept. 1, 2019 Accenture Newsroom'. accntu.re. Retrieved 17 July 2019.
12. ^Business, Julia Horowitz, CNN. 'The Fortune 500 has a new woman CEO: Accenture's Julie Sweet'. CNN.
13. ^'Accenture To Add 500 Jobs in Chicago'. WBBM-TV. 11 October 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2015.
14. ^ ^abBrachear, Manya A. (28 July 2005). 'Joseph Glickauf Jr. 1912-2005'. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 10 December 2015.
15. ^Betts, Mitch (29 January 2001). 'GE's Appliance Park Still an IT Innovator'. Computerworld. Retrieved 10 December 2015.
16. ^Betts, Mitch (2 July 1990). 'The Univac I: First in the field'. Computerworld. Retrieved 10 December 2015.
17. ^Martin, Mitchell (8 August 2000). 'Arbitrator's Ruling Goes Against Accounting Arm : Consultants Win Battle Of Andersen'. The New York Times. New York City: The New York Times Company. Retrieved 1 March 2014.
18. ^Andersen Consulting Changing Name To Accenture – 26 Oct. 2000; InformationWeek
19. ^Accenture IPO gains in first trades – 19 Jul. 2001; CNN Money
20. ^Information on Federal Contractors That Are Incorporated Offshore; United States General Accounting Office; 1 October 2002
21. ^Dobbs, Lou (9 March 2004). 'Exporting America'. CNN. Retrieved 3 May 2011.
22. ^[1]Archived 3 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine
23. ^'Information on Federal Contractors That Are Incorporated Offshore'. gao.gov. General Accounting Office. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
24. ^Bowers, Simon (28 September 2006). 'Accenture to quit NHS technology overhaul'. The Guardian. Retrieved 18 July 2014.
25. ^'NHS pulls the plug on its £11bn IT system'. The Independent. Retrieved 18 July 2014.
26. ^'Accenture Newsroom: Accenture Announces Proposed Change of Incorporation to Ireland'. newsroom.accenture.com. 26 May 2009. Retrieved 6 August 2010.
27. ^Simon Moore (26 November 2012). 'Revenue's IT contractors accused of tax avoidance'. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
28. ^'Accenture chosen as lead contractor of Obamacare website'. Yahoo!. Retrieved 28 February 2014.
29. ^'Accenture wins new $563M contract for HealthCare.gov'. www.beckershospitalreview.com.
30. ^Sy Mukherjee (30 July 2015). 'Cerner, Leidos, & Accenture win massive $4.3B Defense Department EHR contract'. Healthcare Dive. Retrieved 27 August 2017.
31. ^'Apple and Accenture partner to create iOS business solutions'. Apple Newsroom. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
32. ^Lanard, Noah (14 June 2018). 'Border Patrol Is So Desperate for New Agents, It's Spending Millions to Help Recruits Finish Their Applications'. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
33. ^Geneva Sands (10 December 2018). ''Serious' issues with $297 million CBP hiring contract, internal watchdog says'. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
34. ^'Accenture's former CEO Nanterme dies'. Reuters. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
35. ^Price, Rob (15 February 2019). 'Facebook moderators are in revolt over 'inhumane' working conditions that they say erodes their 'sense of humanity''. Business Insider. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
36. ^ ^abDwoskin, Elizabeth (8 May 2019). 'Inside Facebook, the second-class workers who do the hardest job are waging a quiet battle'. The Washington Post. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
37. ^Brustein, Joshua (25 February 2019). 'Facebook Grappling With Employee Anger Over Moderator Conditions'. Bloomberg News. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
38. ^Wong, Queenie (19 June 2019). 'Murders and suicides: Here's who keeps them off your Facebook feed'. CNET. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
39. ^Horowitz, Julia (12 July 2019). 'The Fortune 500 has a new woman CEO: Accenture's Julie Sweet'. CNN Business. Archived from the original on 12 July 2019. Retrieved 12 July 2019.
40. ^'Accenture Total Assets 2006-2018 ACN'. www.macrotrends.net. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
41. ^'Analyst Commentary: Accenture's digital push will boost consulting prospects'. Professional Outsourcing Resources. 3 January 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2014.^{[dead link]}
42. ^'Accenture Consulting'. www.accenture.com. Retrieved 2 September 2015.
43. ^Rayana Pandey (5 December 2013). 'Accenture launches digital marketing capabilities. Should agencies worry?'. Marketing. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
44. ^Arik Hesseldahl (5 June 2013). 'Former HP Labs Head Prith Banerjee Joins Accenture'. All Things D. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
45. ^Stuart Lauchlan (25 September 2014). 'Accenture's offensive on the $5bn digital opportunity'. Diginomica. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
46. ^Elliott, Stuart (17 November 2011). 'Accenture Calls on Clients to Help Make a Statement'. The New York Times. Retrieved 10 December 2015.
47. ^'Best Global Brands 2018 Rankings'. Interbrand. 2018. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
48. ^'Best Global Brands 2015'. Interbrand. Retrieved 10 December 2015.
49. ^Jennifer Pellet (1 August 2005), Pursuing high performance: chief executives can, in fact, stay ahead of emerging global competitors. (211), Chief Executive, p. 66, retrieved 13 October 2013
50. ^'Accenture cuts Tiger Woods sponsorship deal'. BBC News. 14 December 2009. Retrieved 6 August 2010.
51. ^'New logo and identity for Accenture'. Brand New. 16 February 2017. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
52. ^'Bigtime Consulting archive'. Bigtime Consulting.
53. ^Gardner, Jim. 'Web satire causes Bigtime headaches for Andersen'. San Francisco Business Times. Retrieved 22 November 2015.
54. ^Alsop, Ronald. 'Transgender, at the office'. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
55. ^'The World's Biggest Public Companies'. Forbes. 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
56. ^'312: Accenture'. Fortune. 2016. Retrieved 17 October 2016.^{[dead link]}
57. ^'The DiversityInc Top 50 Companies for Diversity'. DiversityInc. 2016. Retrieved 18 April 2017.^{[dead link]}
58. ^'The World's Biggest Public Companies'. Forbes. 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
59. ^'Global 500'. Fortune. 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
60. ^'The DiversityInc Top 50 Companies for Diversity'. DiversityInc. 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2017.^{[dead link]}
61. ^'America's Best Management Consulting Firms 2017'. Forbes. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
62. ^'World's Most Admired Companies'. Fortune. 2018. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
63. ^'Global 500'. Fortune. 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
64. ^'The 2019 World's Most Ethical Companies Honoree List'. Ethisphere Institute. 2019. Retrieved 17 July 2019.
65. ^'Accenture: #61'. Fortune. 2019. Retrieved 17 July 2019.
66. ^'100 Best Corporate Citizens'(PDF). CR Magazine. 2019. Retrieved 17 July 2019.
67. ^'The World's Largest Public Companies'. Forbes. 2019. Retrieved 17 July 2019.
68. ^'The 2019 DiversityInc Top 50 Companies for Diversity'. DiversityInc. 2019. Retrieved 17 July 2019.
69. ^'World's Most Admired Companies'. Fortune. 2019. Retrieved 1 February 2019.

External links[edit]

• Business data for Accenture plc:
• Accenture companies grouped at OpenCorporates

Nokia Bell Labs (formerly named Bell Labs Innovations (1996-2007)^[1]AT&T Bell Laboratories (1984-1996)^[2] and Bell Telephone Laboratories (1925-1984)^[3]) is an industrial research and scientific development company owned by Finnish company Nokia. Its headquarters are located in Murray Hill, New Jersey. Other laboratories are located around the world (with some in the United States). Bell Labs has its origins in the complex past of the Bell System.

In the late 19th century, the laboratory began as the Western Electric Engineering Department and was located at 463 West Street in New York City. In 1925, after years of conducting research and development under Western Electric, the Engineering Department was reformed into Bell Telephone Laboratories and under the shared ownership of American Telephone & Telegraph Company and Western Electric.

Researchers working at Bell Labs are credited with the development of radio astronomy, the transistor, the laser, the photovoltaic cell, the charge-coupled device (CCD), information theory, the Unix operating system, and the programming languages C, C++, and S. Nine Nobel Prizes have been awarded for work completed at Bell Laboratories.

• 1Origin and historical locations
• 2Discoveries and developments
  • 2.31940s

Origin and historical locations[edit]

Bell's personal research after the telephone[edit]

In 1880, when the French government awarded Alexander Graham Bell the Volta Prize of 50,000 francs (approximately US$10,000 at that time; about $270,000 in January 2019's dollars^[4]) for the invention of the telephone, he used the award to fund the Volta Laboratory (Alexander Graham Bell Laboratory) in Washington, D.C. in collaboration with Sumner Tainter and Bell's cousin Chichester Bell.^[5] The laboratory was variously known as the Volta Bureau, the Bell Carriage House, the Bell Laboratory and the Volta Laboratory.

It focused on the analysis, recording, and transmission of sound. Bell used his considerable profits from the laboratory for further research and education to permit the '[increased] diffusion of knowledge relating to the deaf':^[5] resulting in the founding of the Volta Bureau (c. 1887) which was located at Bell's father's house at 1527 35th Street N.W. in Washington, D.C. Its carriage house became their headquarters in 1889.^[5]

In 1893, Bell constructed a new building close by at 1537 35th Street N.W., specifically to house the lab.^[5] This building was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1972.^[6][7][8]

After the invention of the telephone, Bell maintained a relatively distant role with the Bell System as a whole, but continued to pursue his own personal research interests.^[9]

Early antecedent[edit]

The Bell Patent Association was formed by Alexander Graham Bell, Thomas Sanders, and Gardiner Hubbard when filing the first patents for the telephone in 1876.

Bell Telephone Company, the first telephone company, was formed a year later. It later became a part of the American Bell Telephone Company.

American Telephone & Telegraph Company (AT&T) and its own subsidiary company, took control of American Bell and the Bell System by 1889.

American Bell held a controlling interest in Western Electric (which was the manufacturing arm of the business) whereas AT&T was doing research into the service providers.^[10][11]

In 1884, the American Bell Telephone Company created the Mechanical Department from the Electrical and Patent Department formed a year earlier.

Formal organization and location changes[edit]

In 1896, Western Electric bought property at 463 West Street to station their manufacturers and engineers who had been supplying AT&T with their product. This included everything from telephones, telephone exchange switches, and transmission equipment.

In 1925, Bell Laboratories was developed to better consolidate the research activities of the Bell System. Ownership was evenly split between Western Electric and AT&T. Throughout the next decade the AT&T Research and Development branch moved into West Street.

Bell Labs also carried out consulting work for the Bell Telephone Company, U.S. government work, and a few workers were assigned to basic research. The first president of research at Bell Labs was Frank B. Jewett who stayed there until 1940.^[12][13][14]

By the early 1940s, Bell Labs engineers and scientists had begun to move to other locations away from the congestion and environmental distractions of New York City, and in 1967 Bell Laboratories headquarters was officially relocated to Murray Hill, New Jersey.

Among the later Bell Laboratories locations in New Jersey were Holmdel, Crawford Hill, the Deal Test Site, Freehold, Lincroft, Long Branch, Middletown, Neptune, Princeton, Piscataway, Red Bank, Chester, and Whippany. Of these, Murray Hill and Crawford Hill remain in existence (the Piscataway and Red Bank locations were transferred to and are now operated by Telcordia Technologies and the Whippany site was purchased by Bayer^[15]).

The largest grouping of people in the company was in Illinois, at Naperville-Lisle, in the Chicago area, which had the largest concentration of employees (about 11,000) prior to 2001. There also were groups of employees in Indianapolis, Indiana; Columbus, Ohio; North Andover, Massachusetts; Allentown, Pennsylvania; Reading, Pennsylvania; and Breinigsville, Pennsylvania; Burlington, North Carolina (1950s–1970s, moved to Greensboro 1980s) and Westminster, Colorado. Since 2001, many of the former locations have been scaled down or closed.

The Holmdel site, a 1.9 million square foot structure set on 473 acres, was closed in 2007. The mirrored-glass building was designed by Eero Saarinen. In August 2013, Somerset Development bought the building, intending to redevelop it into a mixed commercial and residential project. A 2012 article expressed doubt on the success of the newly named Bell Works site^[16] however several large tenants had announced plans to move in through 2016 and 2017 ^[17][18]

Discoveries and developments[edit]

Bell Laboratories was, and is, regarded by many as the premier research facility of its type, developing a wide range of revolutionary technologies, including radio astronomy, the transistor, the laser, information theory, the operating system Unix, the programming languages C and C++, solar cells, the charge-coupled device (CCD), and many other optical, wireless, and wired communications technologies and systems.

1920s[edit]

In 1926, the laboratories invented an early example synchronous-sound motion picture system, in competition with Fox Movietone and DeForest Phonofilm.^[19]

In 1924, Bell Labs physicist Walter A. Shewhart proposed the control chart as a method to determine when a process was in a state of statistical control. Shewhart's methods were the basis for statistical process control (SPC): the use of statistically based tools and techniques to manage and improve processes. This was the origin of the modern quality movement, including Six Sigma.

In 1927, a Bell team headed by Herbert E. Ives successfully transmitted long-distance 128-line television images of Secretary of CommerceHerbert Hoover from Washington to New York. In 1928 the thermal noise in a resistor was first measured by John B. Johnson, and Harry Nyquist provided the theoretical analysis; this is now termed Johnson noise. During the 1920s, the one-time padcipher was invented by Gilbert Vernam and Joseph Mauborgne at the laboratories. Bell Labs' Claude Shannon later proved that it is unbreakable.

1930s[edit]

In 1931, a foundation for radio astronomy was laid by Karl Jansky during his work investigating the origins of static on long-distance shortwave communications. He discovered that radio waves were being emitted from the center of the galaxy. In 1931 and 1932, experimental high fidelity, long playing, and even stereophonic recordings were made by the labs of the Philadelphia Orchestra, conducted by Leopold Stokowski.^[20] In 1933, stereo signals were transmitted live from Philadelphia to Washington, D.C. In 1937, the vocoder, an electronic speech compression device, or codec, and the Voder, the first electronic speech synthesizer, were developed and demonstrated by Homer Dudley, the Voder being demonstrated at the 1939 New York World's Fair. Bell researcher Clinton Davisson shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with George Paget Thomson for the discovery of electron diffraction, which helped lay the foundation for solid-state electronics.

1940s[edit]

In the early 1940s, the photovoltaic cell was developed by Russell Ohl. In 1943, Bell developed SIGSALY, the first digital scrambled speech transmission system, used by the Allies in World War II. The British wartime codebreaker Alan Turing visited the labs at this time, working on speech encryption and meeting Claude Shannon.^[21]

Bell Labs Quality Assurance Department gave the world and the United States such statisticians as Walter A. Shewhart, W. Edwards Deming, Harold F. Dodge, George D. Edwards, Harry Romig, R. L. Jones, Paul Olmstead, E.G.D. Paterson, and Mary N. Torrey. During World War II, Emergency Technical Committee – Quality Control, drawn mainly from Bell Labs' statisticians, was instrumental in advancing Army and Navy ammunition acceptance and material sampling procedures.

In 1947, the transistor, probably the most important invention developed by Bell Laboratories, was invented by John Bardeen, Walter Houser Brattain, and William Bradford Shockley (and who subsequently shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1956). In 1947, Richard Hamming invented Hamming codes for error detection and correction. For patent reasons, the result was not published until 1950. In 1948, 'A Mathematical Theory of Communication', one of the founding works in information theory, was published by Claude Shannon in the Bell System Technical Journal. It built in part on earlier work in the field by Bell researchers Harry Nyquist and Ralph Hartley, but it greatly extended these. Bell Labs also introduced a series of increasingly complex calculators through the decade. Shannon was also the founder of modern cryptography with his 1949 paper Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems.

Calculators[edit]

^[22][23]

• Model I: A Complex Number Calculator, completed in 1939 and put into operation in 1940, for doing calculations of complex numbers.
• Model II: Relay Computer / Relay Interpolator,^[24] September 1943, for interpolating data points of flight profiles (needed for performance testing of a gun director).^[25] This model introduced error detection (self checking).^[26][27]
• Model III: Ballistic Computer,^[28] June 1944, for calculations of ballistic trajectories
• Model IV: Error Detector Mark II, March 1945,^[29] improved ballistic computer
• Model V:^[30] General purpose electromechanical computer, of which two were built, July 1946 and February 1947^[31][29][32]
• Model VI: 1949, an enhanced Model V

1950s[edit]

In 1952, William Gardner Pfann revealed the method of zone melting which enabled semiconductor purification and level doping.

The 1950s also saw developmental activity based upon information theory. The central development was binary code systems. Efforts concentrated more precisely on the Laboratories' prime mission of supporting the Bell System with engineering advances including N-carrier, TD Microwave radio relay, Direct Distance Dialing, E-repeaters, Wire spring relays, and improved switching systems. Maurice Karnaugh, in 1953, developed the Karnaugh map as a tool to facilitate management of Boolean algebraic expressions. In 1954, the first modern solar cell was invented at Bell Laboratories. As for the spectacular side of the business, in 1956 TAT-1, the first transatlantic telephone cable was laid between Scotland and Newfoundland, in a joint effort by AT&T, Bell Laboratories, and British and Canadian telephone companies. A year later, in 1957, MUSIC, one of the first computer programs to play electronic music, was created by Max Mathews. New greedy algorithms developed by Robert C. Prim and Joseph Kruskal, revolutionized computer network design. In 1958, the laser was first described, in a technical paper by Arthur Schawlow and Charles Hard Townes.

In 1959, Mohamed Atalla and Dawon Kahng invented the metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET), and presented their invention in 1960.^[33] The MOSFET has achieved electronic hegemony and sustains the large-scale integrated circuits (LSIs) underlying today's information society.

1960s[edit]

In December 1960, Ali Javan and his associates William Bennett and Donald Heriot successfully operated the first gas laser, the first continuous-light laser, operating at an unprecedented accuracy and color purity. In 1962, the electret microphone was invented by Gerhard M. Sessler and James Edward Maceo West. Also in 1962, John R. Pierce's vision of communications satellites was realized by the launch of Telstar. In 1964, the Carbon dioxide laser was invented by Kumar Patel. In 1965, Penzias and Wilson discovered the cosmic microwave background, for which they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1978. Frank W. Sinden, Edward E. Zajac, Kenneth C. Knowlton, and A. Michael Noll made computer-animated movies during the early to mid-1960s. Ken C. Knowlton invented the computer animation language BEFLIX. The first digital computer art was created in 1962 by Noll. In 1966, Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), a key technology in wireless services, was developed and patented by R. W. Chang. In 1968, Molecular beam epitaxy was developed by J.R. Arthur and A.Y. Cho; molecular beam epitaxy allows semiconductor chips and laser matrices to be manufactured one atomic layer at a time. In 1969, Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson created the computer operating system UNIX for the support of telecommunication switching systems as well as general purpose computing. From 1969 to 1971, Aaron Marcus, the first graphic designer involved with computer graphics, researched, designed, and programmed a prototype interactive page-layout system for the Picturephone. In 1969, the charge-coupled device (CCD) was invented by Willard Boyle and George E. Smith, for which they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2009. In the 1960s, the New York City site was sold and became the Westbeth Artists Community complex.

1970s[edit]

The 1970s and 1980s saw more and more computer-related inventions at the Bell Laboratories as part of the personal computing revolution. In 1972, Dennis Ritchie developed the compiled programming language C as a replacement for the interpreted language B which was then used in a worse is better rewrite of UNIX. Also, the language AWK was designed and implemented by Alfred Aho, Peter Weinberger, and Brian Kernighan of Bell Laboratories. In 1972, Marc Rochkind invented the Source Code Control System.

In 1970, A. Michael Noll invented a tactile, force-feedback system, coupled with interactive stereoscopic computer display. In 1971, an improved task priority system for computerized telephone exchange switching systems for telephone traffic was invented by Erna Schneider Hoover, who received one of the first software patents for it. In 1976, Optical fiber systems were first tested in Georgia and in 1980, the first single-chip 32-bitmicroprocessor, the Bellmac 32A was demonstrated. It went into production in 1982.

The 1970s also saw a major central office technology evolve from crossbar electromechanical relay-based technology and discrete transistor logic to Bell Labs-developed thick film hybrid and transistor–transistor logic (TTL), stored program-controlled switching systems; 1A/#4 TOLL Electronic Switching Systems (ESS) and 2A Local Central Offices produced at the Bell Labs Naperville and Western Electric Lisle, Illinois facilities. This technology evolution dramatically reduced floor space needs. The new ESS also came with its own diagnostic software that needed only a switchman and several frame technicians to maintain. The technology was often touted in the Bell Labs Technical Journals and Western Electric magazine (WE People).^{[citation needed]}

1980s[edit]

In 1980, the TDMA and CDMA digital cellular telephone technology was patented. In 1982, Fractional quantum Hall effect was discovered by Horst Störmer and former Bell Laboratories researchers Robert B. Laughlin and Daniel C. Tsui; they consequently won a Nobel Prize in 1998 for the discovery. In 1985,^[34] the programming language C++ had its first commercial release.^[35]Bjarne Stroustrup started developing C++ at Bell Laboratories in 1979 as an extension to the original C language.^[35]

In 1984, the first photoconductive antennas for picosecond electromagnetic radiation were demonstrated by Auston and others. This type of antenna became an important component in terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. In 1984, Karmarkar's algorithm for linear programming was developed by mathematician Narendra Karmarkar. Also in 1984, a divestiture agreement signed in 1982 with the American Federal government forced the break-up of AT&T: Bellcore (now Telcordia Technologies) was split off from Bell Laboratories to provide the same R&D functions for the newly created local exchange carriers. AT&T also was limited to using the Bell trademark only in association with Bell Laboratories. Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc. became a wholly owned company of the new AT&T Technologies unit, the former Western Electric. The 5ESS Switch was developed during this transition. In 1985, laser cooling was used to slow and manipulate atoms by Steven Chu and team. In 1985, the modeling language A Mathematical Programming LanguageAMPL was developed by Robert Fourer, David M. Gay and Brian Kernighan at Bell Laboratories. Also in 1985, Bell Laboratories was awarded the National Medal of Technology 'For contribution over decades to modern communication systems'. During the 1980s, the operating system Plan 9 from Bell Labs was developed extending the UNIX model. Also, the Radiodrum, an electronic music instrument played in three space dimensions was invented. In 1988, TAT-8 became the first transatlantic fiber-optic cable. Bell Labs in Freehold, NJ developed the 1.3-micron fiber, cable, splicing, laser detector, and 280 Mbit/s repeater for 40,000 telephone-call capacity.

Arthur Ashkin invented optical tweezers that grab particles, atoms, viruses and other living cells with their laser beam fingers. A major breakthrough came in 1987, when Ashkin used the tweezers to capture living bacteria without harming them. He immediately began studying biological systems and optical tweezers are now widely used to investigate the machinery of life.^[36]

1990s[edit]

In 1991, the 56K modem technology was patented by Nuri Dağdeviren and his team. In 1994, the quantum cascade laser was invented by Federico Capasso, Alfred Cho, Jerome Faist and their collaborators. Also in 1994, Peter Shor devised his quantum factorization algorithm. In 1996, SCALPEL electron lithography, which prints features atoms wide on microchips, was invented by Lloyd Harriott and his team. The operating system Inferno, an update of Plan 9, was created by Dennis Ritchie with others, using the then-new concurrent programming language Limbo. A high performance database engine (Dali) was developed which became DataBlitz in its product form.^[37]

In 1996, AT&T spun off Bell Laboratories, along with most of its equipment manufacturing business, into a new company named Lucent Technologies. AT&T retained a small number of researchers who made up the staff of the newly created AT&T Labs.

In 1997, the smallest then-practical transistor (60 nanometers, 182 atoms wide) was built. In 1998, the first optical router was invented.

2000s[edit]

2000 was an active year for the Laboratories, in which DNA machine prototypes were developed; progressive geometry compression algorithm made widespread 3-D communication practical; the first electrically powered organic laser invented; a large-scale map of cosmic dark matter was compiled, and the F-15 (material), an organic material that makes plastic transistors possible, was invented.

In 2002, physicist Jan Hendrik Schön was fired after his work was found to contain fraudulent data. It was the first known case of fraud at Bell Labs.

In 2003, the New Jersey Institute of Technology Biomedical Engineering Laboratory was created at Murray Hill, New Jersey.^[38]

In 2005, Jeong H. Kim, former President of Lucent's Optical Network Group, returned from academia to become the President of Bell Laboratories.

In April 2006, Bell Laboratories' parent company, Lucent Technologies, signed a merger agreement with Alcatel. On 1 December 2006, the merged company, Alcatel-Lucent, began operations. This deal raised concerns in the United States, where Bell Laboratories works on defense contracts. A separate company, LGS Innovations, with an American board was set up to manage Bell Laboratories' and Lucent's sensitive U.S. government contracts.

In December 2007, it was announced that the former Lucent Bell Laboratories and the former Alcatel Research and Innovation would be merged into one organization under the name of Bell Laboratories. This is the first period of growth following many years during which Bell Laboratories progressively lost manpower due to layoffs and spin-offs making the company shut down for a short period of time.

As of July 2008, however, only four scientists remained in physics research, according to a report by the scientific journal Nature.^[39]

On 28 August 2008, Alcatel-Lucent announced it was pulling out of basic science, material physics, and semiconductor research, and it will instead focus on more immediately marketable areas, including networking, high-speed electronics, wireless networks, nanotechnology and software.^[40]

In 2009, Willard Boyle and George Smith were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for the invention and development of the charge-coupled device (CCD).^[41]

2010s[edit]

Gee Rittenhouse, former Head of Research, returned from his position as Chief Operating Officer of Alcatel-Lucent's Software, Services, and Solutions business in February 2013, to become the 12th President of Bell Labs.^[42]

On 4 November 2013, Alcatel-Lucent announced the appointment of Marcus Weldon as President of Bell Labs. His stated charter was to return Bell Labs to the forefront of innovation in Information and communications technology by focusing on solving the key industry challenges, as was the case in the great Bell Labs innovation eras in the past.^[43]

In July 2014, Bell Labs announced it had broken 'the broadband Internet speed record' with a new technology dubbed XG-FAST that promises 10 gigabits per second transmission speeds.^[44]

In 2014, Eric Betzig shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work in super-resolved fluorescence microscopy which he began pursuing while at Bell Labs in the Semiconductor Physics Research Department.^[45]

On 15 April 2015, Nokia agreed to acquire Alcatel-Lucent, Bell Labs' parent company, in a share exchange worth $16.6 billion.^[46][47] Their first day of combined operations was 14 January 2016.^[48]

In September 2016, Nokia Bell Labs, along with Technische Universität BerlinDeutsche Telekom T-Labs and the Technical University of Munich achieved a data rate of one terabit per second by improving transmission capacity and spectral efficiency in an optical communications field trial with a new modulation technique.^[49]

In 2018, Arthur Ashkin shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on 'the optical tweezers and their application to biological systems'^[36] which was developed at Bell Labs in 1980s.

Nobel Prizes and Turing Award[edit]

Nine Nobel Prizes have been awarded for work completed at Bell Laboratories.^[51]

• 1937: Clinton J. Davisson shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for demonstrating the wave nature of matter.
• 1956: John Bardeen, Walter H. Brattain, and William Shockley received the Nobel Prize in Physics for inventing the first transistors.
• 1977: Philip W. Anderson shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for developing an improved understanding of the electronic structure of glass and magnetic materials.
• 1978: Arno A. Penzias and Robert W. Wilson shared the Nobel Prize in Physics. Penzias and Wilson were cited for their discovering cosmic microwave background radiation, a nearly uniform glow that fills the Universe in the microwave band of the radio spectrum.
• 1997: Steven Chu shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for developing methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light.
• 1998: Horst Störmer, Robert Laughlin, and Daniel Tsui, were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for discovering and explaining the fractional quantum Hall effect.
• 2009: Willard S. Boyle, George E. Smith shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with Charles K. Kao. Boyle and Smith were cited for inventing charge-coupled device (CCD) semiconductor imaging sensors.
• 2014: Eric Betzig shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work in super-resolved fluorescence microscopy which he began pursuing while at Bell Labs.
• 2018: Arthur Ashkin shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on 'the optical tweezers and their application to biological systems'^[36] which was developed at Bell Labs.

The Turing Award has been won four times by Bell Labs researchers.

• 1968: Richard Hamming for his work on numerical methods, automatic coding systems, and error-detecting and error-correcting codes.^[52][53]
• 1983: Ken Thompson^[54] and Dennis Ritchie^[55] for their work on operating system theory, and for developing Unix.^[52]
• 1986: Robert Tarjan^[56] with John Hopcroft,^[57] for fundamental achievements in the design and analysis of algorithms and data structures.
• 2018: Yann LeCun and Yoshua Bengio shared the Turing Award with Geoffrey Hinton for their work in Deep Learning.

Notable alumni[edit]

• __Nobel Prize^[78]
• __Turing Award^[79]

Programs[edit]

On May 20, 2014, Bell Labs announced the Bell Labs Prize, a competition for innovators to offer proposals in information and communication technologies, with cash awards of up to $100,000 for the grand prize.^[80]

Bell Labs Technology Showcase[edit]

The Murray Hill campus features a 3000 square foot exhibit, the Bell Labs Technology Showcase, showcasing the technological discoveries and developments at Bell Labs. The exhibit is located just off the main lobby and is open to the public.^[81]

See also[edit]

• Bell Labs Technical Journal—Published scientific journal of Bell Laboratories (1996–present)
• Bell System Technical Journal—Published scientific journal of Bell Laboratories (1922–1983)
• George Stibitz—Bell Laboratories engineer—'father of the modern digital computer'
• History of mobile phones—Bell Laboratories conception and development of cellular phones
• High speed photography & Wollensak—Fastax high speed (rotating prism) cameras developed by Bell Labs
• Sound film—Westrex sound system for cinema films developed by Bell Labs
• TWX Magazine—A short-lived trade periodical published by Bell Laboratories (1944–1952)
• Walter A. Shewhart—Bell Laboratories engineer—'father of statistical quality control'
• 'Worse is Better'—A software design philosophy also called 'The New Jersey Style' under which UNIX and C were supposedly developed
• Experiments in Art and Technology—A collaboration between artists and Bell Labs engineers & scientists to create new forms of art.

References[edit]

1. ^'Bell Labs Innovations'. American Institute of Physics. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
2. ^'AT & T Bell Laboratories'. American Institute of Physics. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
3. ^'Bell Telephone Laboratories'. American Institute of Physics. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
4. ^Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project. 'Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–'. Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Retrieved January 2, 2019.
5. ^ ^abcdBruce, Robert V. Bell: Alexander Bell and the Conquest of Solitude. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1990. ISBN0-8014-9691-8.
6. ^'Volta Bureau'. National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Archived from the original on 2012-10-11. Retrieved 2008-05-10.
7. ^Unsigned (n.d.), National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Volta Bureau, National Park Service and Accompanying three photos, exterior, from 1972(920 KB)
8. ^'Volta Laboratory & Bureau'. Washington D.C. National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary listing. National Park Service. Archived from the original on 12 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-10.
9. ^Mackay, James (1997). Alexander Graham Bell, A Life. USA: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
10. ^Garnet, Robert (1985). The Telephone Enterprise. Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 1–44.
11. ^'Nokia Bell Labs History'. Nokia Bell Labs. 20 July 2018.
12. ^Donofrio, Angelo (May–June 1966). 'West Street Story'. Bell Labs Reporter. 15.
13. ^Gertner, Jon (2012). The Idea Factory. New York: The Penguin Press.
14. ^Adams, Butler (1999). Manufacturing the Future. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
15. ^'It's official! Bayer buys Alcatel-Lucent site in Hanover Twp'. The Hanover Eagle. Retrieved 21 May 2012.
16. ^'Future takes shape for Bell Labs site'. The New York Times. Retrieved September 29, 2013.
17. ^'iCIMS Plans Move to Landmark Bell Works Building, Commits to Continued Growth in NJ'. ICIMS.com. July 10, 2016. Retrieved October 10, 2018.
18. ^'Hundreds of new workers to move into historic Bell Labs building'. NJ.com. April 10, 2017. Retrieved October 10, 2018.
19. ^'Bell Laboratories'. Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2006-05-03.
20. ^Leopold Stokowski, Harvey Fletcher, and the Bell Laboratories Experimental Recordings, Stokowski.org. Retrieved 2012-03-01.
21. ^Copeland, Jack; Bowen, Jonathan (2017). 'Chapter 1: Life and work & Chapter 18: Delilah—encrypting speech'. The Turing Guide. Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0198747833.
22. ^Irvine, M. M. (July 2001). pdf. 'Early digital computers at Bell Telephone Laboratories'. IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 23 (3): 22–42. doi:10.1109/85.948904. ISSN1058-6180.
23. ^Kaisler, Stephen H. (2016). 'Chapter Three: Stibitz's Relay Computers'. Birthing the Computer: From Relays to Vacuum Tubes. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 32–37. ISBN9781443896313.
24. ^Cesareo, O. (Dec 1946). 'THE RELAY INTERPOLATOR'. Bell Laboratories Record. XXIV (12): 457–460.
25. ^Akera, Atsushi (2008). Calculating a Natural World: Scientists, Engineers, and Computers During the Rise of U.S. Cold War Research. MIT Press. p. 57. ISBN9780262512039.
26. ^Belzer, Jack; Holzman, Albert G.; Kent, Allen (1976). Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology: Volume 3 – Ballistics Calculations to Box–Jenkins Approach to Time Series Analysis and Forecasting. CRC Press. p. 197. ISBN9780824722531.
27. ^By Glen G. Jr. Langdon (2012-12-02). Logic Design: A Review Of Theory And Practice. p. 2. ISBN9780323160452.
28. ^Juley, Joseph (Jan 1947). 'THE BALLISTIC COMPUTER'. Bell Laboratories Record. XXV (1): 5–9.
29. ^ ^abResearch, United States Office of Naval (1953). A survey of automatic digital computers. Model V-VI, IV. Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy. pp. 9–10, 63 (in reader: 15–16, 69).
30. ^'Г. – Bell Labs – Model V' [G. – Bell Labs – Model V]. oplib.ru (in Russian). Google translation. Retrieved 2017-10-11.CS1 maint: others (link)
31. ^Reilly, Edwin D.; Ralston, Anthony; Hemmendinger, David (2000). Encyclopedia of Computer Science. Nature Publishing Group. p. 548. ISBN9781561592487.
32. ^*Alt, Franz L. (1948). 'A Bell Telephone Laboratories' computing machine. I'. Mathematics of Computation. 3 (21): 1–13. doi:10.1090/S0025-5718-1948-0023118-1. ISSN0025-5718.
    • Alt, Franz L. (1948). 'A Bell Telephone Laboratories' computing machine. II'. Mathematics of Computation. 3 (22): 69–84. doi:10.1090/S0025-5718-1948-0025271-2. ISSN0025-5718.
33. ^ ^abc'1960 - Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Transistor Demonstrated'. The Silicon Engine. Computer History Museum.
34. ^'The Rise of C++ - Bell Labs'. www.bell-labs.com. Archived from the original on 2017-06-30. Retrieved 2016-05-13.
35. ^ ^abJANA, DEBASISH (2014-10-01). C++ AND OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING PARADIGM. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. ISBN9788120350335.
36. ^ ^abc'The Nobel Prize in Physics 2018'. NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2018-10-02.
37. ^'The Dali Home Page'. Archived from the original on 1997-01-16.
38. ^New Jersey Nanotechnology Consortium. ProfileArchived May 30, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
39. ^Geoff Brumfiel (2008). 'Access : Bell Labs bottoms out : Nature News'. Nature. 454 (7207): 927. doi:10.1038/454927a. PMID18719552.
40. ^Ganapati, Priya (2008-08-27). 'Bell Labs Kills Fundamental Physics Research'. Wired. Archived from the original on 28 August 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-28.
41. ^'The 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics – Press Release'. Nobelprize.org. 2009-10-06. Retrieved 2017-01-07.
42. ^'Gee Rittenhouse to take over as President of world-famous research institution Bell Labs' (Press release). Paris: Alcatel-Lucent. February 18, 2013. Retrieved 2016-03-10.
43. ^'Marcus Weldon appointed President of Alcatel-Lucent's Bell Labs to accelerate and unlock innovation as part of The Shift Plan' (Press release). Paris: Alcatel-Lucent. November 4, 2013. Retrieved 2016-03-10.
44. ^'Alcatel-Lucent sets new world record broadband speed of 10 Gbps for transmission of data over traditional copper telephone lines' (Press release). Paris: Alcatel-Lucent. July 9, 2014. Archived from the original on 2016-03-10. Retrieved 2016-03-10.
45. ^'The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2014'. Nobel Media AB. 2014. Retrieved 2016-03-10.
46. ^'Nokia and Alcatel-Lucent Combine to Create an Innovation Leader in Next Generation Technology and Services for an IP Connected World' (Press release). Helsinki & Paris: Nokia. April 15, 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-04-16. Retrieved 2016-03-10.
47. ^Scott, Mark; Jolly, David (April 15, 2015). 'Nokia Agrees to $16.6 Billion Takeover of Alcatel-Lucent'. The New York Times. Retrieved 2016-03-10.
48. ^'Nokia celebrates first day of combined operations with Alcatel-Lucent' (Press release). Espoo, Finland: Nokia. January 14, 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-03-09. Retrieved 2016-03-10.
49. ^'Optical fiber transmits one terabit per second' (Press release). Technical University of Munich. 2016-09-16. Retrieved 2016-09-23.
50. ^Barnaby J. Feder (August 13, 1981). 'James Fisk, Bell Labs Executive And Leader In Radar, Dies At 70'. The New York Times.
51. ^'Awards & Recognition - Bell Labs'. Archived from the original on 2016-03-08. Retrieved 2016-03-08.
52. ^ ^abO'Regan, Gerard (2015-09-24). Pillars of Computing: A Compendium of Select, Pivotal Technology Firms. Springer. ISBN9783319214641.
53. ^'Richard W. Hamming - A.M. Turing Award Laureate'. amturing.acm.org. Retrieved 2019-02-03.
54. ^'Kenneth Lane Thompson - A.M. Turing Award Laureate'. amturing.acm.org. Retrieved 2019-02-03.
55. ^'Dennis M. Ritchie - A.M. Turing Award Laureate'. amturing.acm.org. Retrieved 2019-02-03.
56. ^'Robert E Tarjan - A.M. Turing Award Laureate'. amturing.acm.org. Retrieved 2019-02-03.
57. ^'John E Hopcroft - A.M. Turing Award Laureate'. amturing.acm.org. Retrieved 2019-02-03.
58. ^Poundstone, William (2005). Fortune's Formula : The Untold Story of the Scientific Betting System That Beat the Casinos and Wall Street. Hill & Wang. ISBN978-0-8090-4599-0.
59. ^Hodges, Andrew (1992), Alan Turing: The Enigma, London: Vintage, pp. 243–252, ISBN978-0-09-911641-7
60. ^Turing, A.M. (1936), 'On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem', Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, 2 (published 1937), 42, pp. 230–65, doi:10.1112/plms/s2-42.1.230
61. ^Turing, A.M. (1938), 'On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem: A correction', Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, 2 (published 1937), 43 (6), pp. 544–6, doi:10.1112/plms/s2-43.6.544
62. ^ ^abLojek, Bo (2007). History of Semiconductor Engineering. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 321–3. ISBN9783540342588.
63. ^ ^abChan, Yi-Jen (1992). Studies of InAIAs/InGaAs and GaInP/GaAs heterostructure FET's for high speed applications. University of Michigan. p. 1. The Si MOSFET has revolutionized the electronics industry and as a result impacts our daily lives in almost every conceivable way.
64. ^ ^abGrant, Duncan Andrew; Gowar, John (1989). Power MOSFETS: theory and applications. Wiley. p. 1. ISBN9780471828679. The metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) is the most commonly used active device in the very large-scale integration of digital integrated circuits (VLSI). During the 1970s these components revolutionized electronic signal processing, control systems and computers.
65. ^ ^ab'Who Invented the Transistor?'. Computer History Museum. 4 December 2013. Retrieved 20 July 2019.
66. ^ ^abGolio, Mike; Golio, Janet (2018). RF and Microwave Passive and Active Technologies. CRC Press. p. 18-2. ISBN9781420006728.
67. ^Parry, Wayne (2009-10-06). '3 Americans share 2009 Nobel physics prize'. 6abc.com. Retrieved 2017-01-07.
68. ^Huffman, Larry. 'Stokowski, Harvey Fletcher, and the Bell Labs Experimental Recordings'. www.stokowski.org. Retrieved February 17, 2014.
69. ^William Ander Smith, The mystery of Leopold Stokowski. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press, 1990, p.175.
70. ^Dolotta, T.A.; Haight, R.C.; Mashey, J.R. (July–August 1978). 'The Programmer's Workbench'(PDF). Bell System Technical Journal. 57 (6 Part 2): 2177–2200. doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1978.tb02148.x.
71. ^'Linux International'. Li.org. Archived from the original on 2015-08-04. Retrieved 2014-02-28.
72. ^Tore Frängsmyr, ed. (1998). 'Steven Chu Autobiography'. The Nobel Prizes 1997. Les Prix Nobel. Stockholm: The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-06-25.
73. ^'Carrier-Envelope Phase Control of Femtosecond Mode-Locked Lasers and Direct Optical Frequency Synthesis'. 28 April 2000. doi:10.1126/science.288.5466.635.
74. ^'Quantum droplets of electrons and holes'. 27 February 2014. doi:10.1038/nature12994.
75. ^McIlroy, M. D. (1987). A Research Unix reader: annotated excerpts from the Programmer's Manual, 1971–1986(PDF) (Technical report). CSTR. Bell Labs. 139.
76. ^Dagani, Ron (30 November 1998). 'An Innovation Engine for Lucent'. Chemical & Engineering News. 76 (48). pp. 24–28. doi:10.1021/cen-v076n048.p024.
77. ^'Walter H. Brattain'. IEEE Global History Network. IEEE. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
78. ^'Which Laboratory Boasts The Most Nobel Prize Winners?'. Howtogeek.com. Retrieved 2017-01-07.
79. ^'Awards & Recognition - Bell Labs'. Archived from the original on 2016-03-08. Retrieved 2016-03-08.
80. ^'Nokia Bell Labs Prize'. Bell Labs. Retrieved 2017-01-07.
81. ^'Bell Labs Technology Showcase'. Alchemystudio.com. Retrieved 2017-01-07.

Further reading[edit]

• Martin, Douglas. Ian M. Ross, a President at Bell Labs, Dies at 85, The New York Times, March 16, 2013, p. A23
• Jon Gertner (2013). The Idea Factory: Bell Labs and the Great Age of American Innovation. ISBN978-0143122791.
• Gleick, James. The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood. Vintage Books, 2012, 544 pages. ISBN978-1400096237.

External links[edit]

• Bell Works, the re-imagining of the historic former Bell Labs building in Holmdel, New Jersey
• Timeline of discoveries as of 2006 (https://www.bell-labs.com/timeline)
• The Idea Factory – a video interview with Jon Gertner, author of 'The Idea Factory: Bell Labs and the Great Age of American Innovation, by Dave Iverson of KQED-FM Public Radio, San Francisco

Coordinates: 40°41′00″N74°24′03″W / 40.683404°N 74.400744°W