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1. Donald Kendall Dao Of Chinese Medicine Pdf

Charles Kao was born in Shanghai in 1933, and his ancestral home is in nearby Jinshan. He studied Chinese classics at home with his brother, under a tutor.

Sir Charles Kuen KaoGBMKBEFRSFREng^{[6][7][8][9][10]} (4 November 1933 – 23 September 2018) was a physicist and electrical engineer who pioneered the development and use of fibre optics in telecommunications. In the 1960s, Kao created various methods to combine glass fibres with lasers in order to transmit digital data, which laid the groundwork for the evolution of the Internet.

Known as the 'Godfather of Broadband'^[11] Kao was awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics for 'groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication'.^[12]

Born in Shanghai, China, Kao was a permanent resident of Hong Kong^[13] and held citizenships in the United Kingdom and the United States.^[1]

• 1Early life and education
• 2Academic career
• 3Honours and awards

Early life and education[edit]

Charles Kao was born in Shanghai, China in 1933,^[14]:1 and his ancestral home is in nearby Jinshan,^[14]:13 at that time a separate administrative area.^[15][16] He studied Chinese classics at home with his brother, under a tutor.^[2][14]:41 He also studied English and French at the Shanghai World School (上海世界學校) in the Shanghai French Concession^[17] which was founded by a number of progressive Chinese educators including Cai Yuanpei.^[18]

Kao's family moved to Taiwan and then British Hong Kong in 1948^[14]:1[19] where he completed his secondary education (Hong Kong School Certificate Examination, a predecessor of HKCEE^[20])^[21] at St. Joseph's College in 1952. He did his undergraduate studies in electrical engineering at Woolwich Polytechnic (now the University of Greenwich),^[22] obtaining his Bachelor of Engineering degree.^{[14]:1[non-primary source needed]}

He then pursued research and received his PhD in electrical engineering in 1965 from University of London, under Professor Harold Barlow of University College London as an external student while working at Standard Telecommunication Laboratories (STL) in Harlow, England, the research centre of Standard Telephones and Cables.^[3] It is there that Kao did his first groundbreaking work as an engineer and researcher working alongside George Hockham under the supervision of Alec Reeves.^{[citation needed]}

Ancestry and family[edit]

Kao's father Kao Chun-Hsiang [zh] (高君湘)^[14]:13 was a lawyer who obtained his Juris Doctor from the University of Michigan Law School in 1925.^[23] He was a professor at Soochow University (then in Shanghai) Comparative Law School of China.^[24][25]

His grandfather Gao Xie was a scholar, poet, artist,^[2] and a leading figure of the South Society during the late Qing Dynasty.^[26] Several writers including Gao Xu, Yao Guang [zh] (姚光), and Gao Zeng [zh] (高增) were also Gao's close relatives.^{[citation needed]}

His father's cousin was astronomer Kao Ping-tse^[2][27] (Kao crater is named after him^[28]). Kao's younger brother Timothy Wu Kao (高鋙) is a civil engineer and Professor Emeritus at the Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C. His research is in hydrodynamics.^[29]

Kao met his future wife Gwen May-Wan Kao (née Wong; 黃美芸) in London after graduation, when they worked together as engineers at Standard Telephones and Cables.^{[14]:23[30][unreliable source?]} She is British Chinese.^[14]:17 They were married in 1959 in London,^{[14]:15–17[31]} and had a son and a daughter,^[31] both of whom reside and work in Silicon Valley, California.^{[32][11][30][unreliable source?]} According to Kao's autobiography, Kao was a Catholic who attended Catholic Church while his wife attended Anglican Communion.^[14]:14–15

Academic career[edit]

Fibre optics and communications[edit]

In the 1960s at Standard Telecommunication Laboratories (STL) based in Harlow, Essex, Kao and his co-workers did their pioneering work in the realisation of fibre optics as a telecommunications medium, by demonstrating that the high-loss of existing fibre optics arose from impurities in the glass, rather than from an underlying problem with the technology itself.^[34]

In 1963, when Kao first joined the optical communications research team he made notes summarising the background^[35] situation and available technology at the time, and identifying the key individuals^[35] involved. Initially Kao worked in the team of Antoni E. Karbowiak (Toni Karbowiak), who was working under Alec Reeves to study optical waveguides for communications. Kao's task was to investigate fibre attenuation, for which he collected samples from different fibre manufacturers and also investigated the properties of bulk glasses carefully. Kao's study primarily convinced himself that the impurities in material caused the high light losses of those fibres.^[36] Later that year, Kao was appointed head of the electro-optics research group at STL.^[37] He took over the optical communication program of STL in December 1964, because his supervisor, Karbowiak, left to take the Chair in Communications in the School of Electrical Engineering at the University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia.^[38]

Although Kao succeeded Karbowiak as manager of optical communications research, he immediately decided to abandon Karbowiak's plan (thin-film waveguide) and overall change research direction with his colleague George Hockham.^[36][38] They not only considered optical physics but also the material properties. The results were first presented by Kao to the IEE in January 1966 in London, and further published in July with George Hockham (1964–1965 worked with Kao).^[39]a[›] This study first theorized and proposed to use glass fibres to implement optical communication, the ideas (especially structural features and materials) described are largely the basis of today's optical fibre communications.^{[citation needed]}

In 1965,^{[37][40]b[›]} Kao with Hockham concluded that the fundamental limitation for glass light attenuation is below 20 dB/km (decibels per kilometer, is a measure of the attenuation of a signal over a distance), which is a key threshold value for optical communications.^[41] However, at the time of this determination, optical fibres commonly exhibited light loss as high as 1,000 dB/km and even more. This conclusion opened the intense race to find low-loss materials and suitable fibres for reaching such criteria.^{[citation needed]}

Kao, together with his new team (members including T. W. Davies, M. W. Jones, and C. R. Wright), pursued this goal by testing various materials. They precisely measured the attenuation of light with different wavelengths in glasses and other materials. During this period, Kao pointed out that the high purity of fused silica (SiO₂) made it an ideal candidate for optical communication. Kao also stated that the impurity of glass material is the main cause for the dramatic decay of light transmission inside glass fibre, rather than fundamental physical effects such as scattering as many physicists thought at that time, and such impurity could be removed. This led to a worldwide study and production of high-purity glass fibres.^[42] When Kao first proposed that such glass fibre could be used for long-distance information transfer and could replace copper wires which were used for telecommunication during that era, his ideas were widely disbelieved; later people realized that Kao's ideas revolutionized the whole communication technology and industry.^[43]

He also played a leading role in the early stage of engineering and commercial realization of optical communication.^[44] In spring 1966, Kao traveled to the U.S. but failed to interest Bell Labs, which was a competitor of STL in communication technology at that time.^[45] He subsequently traveled to Japan and gained support.^[45] Kao visited many glass and polymer factories, discussed with various people including engineers, scientists, businessmen about the techniques and improvement of glass fiber manufacture. In 1969, Kao with M. W. Jones measured the intrinsic loss of bulk-fused silica at 4 dB/km, which is the first evidence of ultra-transparent glass. Bell Labs started considering fibre optics seriously.^[45]

Kao developed important techniques and configurations for glass fibre waveguides, and contributed to the development of different fibre types and system devices which met both civil and military^c[›] application requirements, and peripheral supporting systems for optical fiber communication.^[44] In mid-1970s, he did seminal work on glass fiber fatigue strength.^[44] When named the first ITT Executive Scientist, Kao launched the 'Terabit Technology' program in addressing the high frequency limits of signal processing, so Kao is also known as the 'Father of the Terabit Technology Concept'.^[44][46] Kao has published more than 100 papers and was granted over 30 patents,^[44] including the water-resistant high-strength fibers (with M. S. Maklad).^[47]

At an early stage of developing optic fibres, Kao already strongly preferred single mode for long-distance optical communication, instead of using multi-mode systems. His vision later was followed and now is applied almost exclusively.^[42][48] Kao was also a visionary of modern submarine communications cables and largely promoted this idea. He predicted in 1983 that world's seas would be littered with fibre optics, five years ahead of the time that such a trans-oceanic fibre-optic cable first became serviceable.^[49]

Ali Javan's introduction of a steady helium–neon laser and Kao's discovery of fibre light-loss properties now are recognized as the two essential milestones for the development of fiber-optic communications.^[38]

Later work[edit]

Kao joined the Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK) in 1970 to found the Department of Electronics, which later became the Department of Electronic Engineering. During this period, Kao was the reader and then the chair Professor of Electronics at CUHK; he built up both undergraduate and graduate study programmes of electronics and oversaw the graduation of his first students. Under his leadership, the School of Education and other new research institutes were established. He returned to ITT Corporation in 1974 (the parent corporation of STC at that time) in the United States and worked in Roanoke, Virginia, first as Chief Scientist and later as Director of Engineering. In 1982, he became the first ITT Executive Scientist and was stationed mainly at the Advanced Technology Center in Connecticut.^[50] While there, he served as an adjunct professor and Fellow of Trumbull College at Yale University. In 1985, Kao spent one year in West Germany, at the SEL Research Centre. In 1986, Kao was the Corporate Director of Research at ITT.

He was one of the earliest to study the environmental effects of land reclamation in Hong Kong, and presented one of his first related studies at the conference of the Association of Commonwealth Universities (ACU) in Edinburgh in 1972.^[51]

Kao was the vice-chancellor of the Chinese University of Hong Kong from 1987 to 1996.^[52] From 1991, Kao was an Independent Non-Executive Director and a member of the Audit Committee of the Varitronix International Limited in Hong Kong.^[53][54] From 1993 to 1994, he was the President of the Association of Southeast Asian Institutions of Higher Learning (ASAIHL).^[55] In 1996, Kao donated to Yale University, and the Charles Kao Fund Research Grants was established to support Yale's studies, research and creative projects in Asia.^[56] The fund currently is managed by Yale University Councils on East Asian and Southeast Asian Studies.^[57] After his retirement from CUHK in 1996, Kao spent his six-month sabbatical leave at the Imperial College London Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering; from 1997 to 2002, he also served as visiting professor in the same department.^[58]

Kao was chairman and member of the Energy Advisory Committee (EAC) of Hong Kong for two years, and retired from the position on July 15, 2000.^[59][60] Kao was a Member of the Council of Advisors on Innovation and Technology of Hong Kong, appointed on April 20, 2000.^[61] In 2000, Kao co-founded the Independent Schools Foundation Academy, which is located in Cyberport, Hong Kong.^[62] He was its founding Chairman in 2000, and stepped down from the Board of the ISF in December 2008.^[62] Kao was the keynote speaker at IEEEGLOBECOM 2002 in Taipei, Taiwan.^[63] In 2003, Kao was named a Chair Professor by special appointment at the Electronics Institute of the College of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National Taiwan University.^[63] Kao then worked as the chairman and CEO of Transtech Services Ltd., a telecommunication consultancy in Hong Kong. He was the founder, chairman and CEO of ITX Services Limited. From 2003 to January 30, 2009, Kao was an independent non-executive director and member of the audit committee of Next Media.^[64][65]

Honours and awards[edit]

Kao received numerous honours and awards, including the Nobel Prize in Physics.

Honours[edit]

• 1993: A Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (CBE).^[66]
• 2010: A Knight Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (KBE).^[8][67]
• 2010: The Grand Bauhinia Medal (GBM), Hong Kong SAR.^[7]

Society and academy recognition[edit]

• Life Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, USA (1979 election)^[68]
• Fellow, The Institution of Engineering and Technology, UK
• Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1997^[5]
• Fellow,^[4] The Royal Academy of Engineering,^[4] UK (1989 election)
• Fellow, The Marconi Society, USA (1985 election)
• Honorary Fellow (1994 election) and former President, The Hong Kong Academy of Engineering Sciences (HKAES), Hong Kong^[69][70]
• Distinguished Fellow, The Hong Kong Computer Society, Hong Kong (1989 election)^[71][72]
• Honorary Fellow, The Hong Kong Institute of Engineers (1994 election)^[73]
• Academician, Academia Sinica, Taipei^[74] (1992 election)
• Member, Optical Society of America, USA^[75]
• Member, European Academy of Sciences and Arts, Austria
• Member, United States National Academy of Engineering (1990 election)^[76]d[›]
• Foreign Member, Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences, Sweden (1988 election)
• Foreign Member, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing (1996 election)
• Fellow, Trumbull College of Yale University
• Honorary Fellow, The Queen Mary, University of London^[77]
• Honorary Professor, Chinese University of Hong Kong (appointed in 1996)^[78]
• Honorary Professor, Peking University, Beijing (appointed in 1995)
• Honorary Professor, Tsinghua University, Beijing (appointed in 1995)
• Honorary Professor, Beijing University of International Business and Economics, Beijing (appointed in 1995)
• Honorary Professor, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications (appointed in 1995)
• Chair Professor by special appointment, National Taiwan University, Taipei (appointed in 2003)^[63]
• Honorary Professor (1997–2002), Department of Electronic Engineering, City University of Hong Kong^[79]
• Lifetime Honorary Professorship, City University of Hong Kong (appointed on January 1, 2002)^[79]
• Advisor of Macao Science and Technology Council^[80]

Honorary degrees[edit]

• Honorary Doctor of Science, Chinese University of Hong Kong, British Hong Kong^[81] (1985)
• Doctor of Science, The University of Sussex, U.K.^[81] (1990)
• Doctor of Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan (1990)^[82][83]
• Degree of Honorary Doctor, Soka University, Japan (1991)
• Doctor of Engineering, The University of Glasgow, U.K. (1992)
• Honorary DCL, Durham University, U.K. (1994)^[84]
• Doctor of the University, Griffith University, Australia (1995)
• Honorary degree in 'Telecommunications engineering', University of Padua, Italy (Oct 18, 1996)^[85]
• Doctor of Science, University of Hull, U.K. (1998)^[86]
• Doctor of Science, Yale University, USA (1999)^[87]
• Doctor of Science Honoris Causa, University of Greenwich, U.K. (2002)^[22]
• Doctor of Science, Princeton University, USA (2004)^[88]
• Honorary doctor of laws degree, University of Toronto, Canada (June 16, 2005)^[89]
• Honorary Doctor, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China (2007)
• Honorary Doctorate of Science, University College London, U.K. (2010)^[90]
• Honorary Degree, University of Strathclyde, U.K. (Sep 24, 2010)^[91]
• Doctor of Science honoris causa, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China (2011)^[92]

Donald Kendall Dao Of Chinese Medicine Pdf

Awards[edit]

Kao donated most of his prize medals to the Chinese University of Hong Kong.^[66]

• 1976: The Morey Award, American Ceramic Society, USA.
• 1977: The Stuart Ballantine Medal, Franklin Institute, USA.^[66]
• 1978: The Rank Prize, Rank Trust Fund, UK.
• 1978: The IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Memorial Award. Citation: 'for making communication at optical frequencies practical by discovering, inventing, and developing the material, techniques and configurations for glass fiber waveguides and, in particular, for recognizing and proving by careful measurements in bulk glasses that silicon glass could provide the requisite low optical loss needed for a practical communication system'.
• 1979: The L. M. Ericsson International Prize, Sweden.^[66]
• 1980: The Gold Medal, AFCEA, USA.
• 1981: The CESASC Achievement Award, Southern California, USA.
• 1983: USAI Achievement Award, U.S.-Asia Institute, USA.^[66]
• 1985: The IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal.^[66]
• 1985: The Marconi International Scientist Award, Marconi Foundation, USA.
• 1985: The Columbus Medal of the City of Genoa, Italy.
• 1986: The CIE Achievement Award of the CIE-USA Annual Awards, USA.^[93]
• 1987: The C & C Prize, Foundation for Communication and Computer Promotion, Japan.
• 1989: The Faraday Medal, Institution of Electrical Engineers, UK.^[66]
• 1989: The James C. McGroddy Prize for New Materials, American Physical Society (APS). Citation: 'for contribution to the materials research and development that resulted in practical low loss optical fibers, one of the cornerstones of optical communications technology'.^[94]
• 1992: The Gold Medal of the Society, SPIE.^[95]
• 1995: The Gold Medal for Engineering Excellence, The World Federation of Engineering Organizations (WFEO), UK.^[66]
• 1996: The Prince Philip Medal of the Royal Academy of Engineering, UK;^[66] in recognition of 'his pioneering work which led to the invention of optical fibre and for his leadership in its engineering and commercial realisation; and for his distinguished contribution to higher education in Hong Kong'.
• 1996: la Citta' di Padova, Italy.^[66]
• 1996: The 12th Japan Prize.^[66] Citation: 'for pioneering research on wide-band, low-loss optical fiber communications'.
• 1998: The International Lecture Medal, IEE, UK.^[66][96]
• 1999: The Charles Stark Draper Prize^[66] (co-recipient with Robert D. Maurer and John B. MacChesney), USA.
• 2001: Millennium Outstanding Engineer Award, Hong Kong.^[66]
• 2006: The HKIE Gold Medal Award, HKIE (The Hong Kong Institute of Engineers), Hong Kong.^[69][97]
• 2009: The Nobel Prize in Physics (1/2 of the prize), Sweden. Citation: 'for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication'.^[98]
• 2009: The IEEE Photonics Society Plaque.^[99]
• 2010 (Feb 27): Distinguished Science & Technology Award, 2010 Asian American Engineer of the Year Award, AAEOY 2010, USA.^[100]
• 2010 (Mar 27): 2009/2010 World Chinese Grand Prize, Phoenix Television, Hong Kong.^[101][102]
• 2010 (April 8/9): Chinese American Distinction Award, San Francisco, USA.^[103]
• 20 Feb 2014: FTTH Operators Award and Individual Award^[104]

Namesakes[edit]

• The 3463 Kaokuen, discovered in 1981, named after Kao in 1996.
• 1996 (November 7): The north wing of the Chinese University of Hong Kong Science Centre has been named as Charles Kuen Kao Building.^[78]
• 2009 (December 30): The landmark auditorium in the Hong Kong Science Park has been named after Kao – Charles K. Kao Auditorium.^[105][106]
• 2010 (March 18): Professor Charles Kao Square, a square of the Independent Schools Foundation Academy^[107]
• 2014 (September): Sir Charles Kao UTC (now known as BMAT STEM Academy) was opened^[108]

Others[edit]

• Featured in Science Museum London.
• Hong Kong Affairs Adviser (May 1994 – June 30, 1997)^[109][110]
• 1999: Asian of the Century, Science and Technology.^[111][112]
• 2002: Leader of the Year – Innovation Technology Category, Sing Tao, Hong Kong.^[66]
• October 21, 2002: Inducted into the Engineering Hall Of Fame, the 50th Anniversary Issue, Electronic Design.^[113][114]
• January 3, 2008: Inducted into the Celebration 60, British Council's 60th anniversary in Hong Kong.^[115][116]
• November 4, 2009: Honorary Citizenship, and the Dr. Charles Kao Day in Mountain View, California, USA.^[117]
• 2009: Hong Kong's Person of Year.^[118]
• The Top 10 Asian Achievements of 2009 – No.7.^[119]
• 2010 (February): Honoree, Committee of 100, USA.^[103]
• The 2010 OFC/NFOEC Conferences^e[›] were dedicated to Kao, March 23–25, San Diego, California, USA.^{[120][121][122]}
• May 14–15, 2010: Two sessions were dedicated to Kao, The 19th Annual Wireless and Optical Communications Conference (WOCC 2010), Shanghai, P.R.China.^[123][124]
• May 22, 2010: Inducted into the memento archive of the 2010 Shanghai World Expo.^[125]
• Mid-2010: Hong Kong Definitive StampSheetlet (No. 1), Hong Kong SAR.^[126]
• March 25, 2011: Blue plaque unveiled in Harlow, Essex, UK.^[127]
• 4 Nov 2014: Gimme Fibre Day on Kao's birthday, FTTH Councils Global Alliance^[128]

Later life and death[edit]

Kao's international travels led him to opine that he belonged to the world instead of any country.^[129][130] An open letter published by Kao and his wife in 2010 later clarified that 'Charles studied in Hong Kong for his high schooling, he has taught here, he was the Vice-Chancellor of CUHK and retired here too. So he is a Hong Kong belonger.'^[131]

Pottery making, a traditional Chinese handiwork, was a hobby of Kao's. Kao also enjoyed reading Wuxia novels.^[132]

On October 6, 2009, when Kao was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his contributions to the study of the transmission of light in optical fibres and for fibre communication,^[133] he said, 'I am absolutely speechless and never expected such an honour'.^[134][135] Kao's wife Gwen told the press that the prize will primarily be used for Charles's medical expenses,^[136] after paying tax to the US government. In 2010 Charles and Gwen Kao founded the Charles K. Kao Foundation for Alzheimer's Disease to raise public awareness about the disease and provide support for the patients.

Kao suffered from Alzheimer's disease from early 2004 and had speech difficulty, but had no problem recognising people or addresses.^[137] Kao's father also suffered from the same disease. Beginning in 2008, he resided in Mountain View, California, United States, where he moved from Hong Kong in order to live near his children and grandchild.^[11]

In 2016, Kao lost the ability to maintain his balance. At the end-stage of his dementia he was cared for by his wife and intended not to be kept alive with life support or have CPR performed on him.^[138] Kao died at Bradbury Hospice in Hong Kong on 23 September 2018 at the age of 84.^{[139][140][141][142]}

Notes[edit]

^a: Kao's major task was to investigate light-loss properties in materials of optic fibers, and determine whether they could be removed or not. Hockham's was investigating light-loss due to discontinuities and curvature of fibre.
^b: Some sources show around 1964,^[143][144] for example, 'By 1964, a critical and theoretical specification was identified by Dr. Charles K. Kao for long-range communication devices, the 10 or 20 dB of light loss per kilometer standard.' from Cisco Press.^[143]
^c: In 1980, Kao was awarded the Gold Medal from American Armed Forces Communications and Electronics Association, 'for contribution to the application of optical fiber technology to military communications'.^[44]
^d: In the United States National Academy of Engineering Membership Website, Kao's country is indicated as People's Republic of China.^[76]
^e:OFC/NFOEC – Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exposition/National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference^[122]

References[edit]

1. ^ ^abcdThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2009 – Press Release. Nobel Foundation. October 6, 2009. Retrieved October 8, 2009.
2. ^ ^abcd范彦萍 (October 10, 2009). 诺贝尔得主高锟的堂哥回忆:他兒时国学功底很好 [Interview of Kao's cousin]. Youth Daily (in Chinese). Shanghai. Retrieved October 9, 2009 – via eastday.com.
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4. ^ ^abc'List of Fellows'.
5. ^ ^ab'Fellows of the Royal Society'. London: Royal Society. Archived from the original on March 16, 2015.
6. ^Charles K. Kao was elected in 1990 as a member of National Academy of Engineering in Electronics, Communication & Information Systems Engineering for pioneering and sustained accomplishments towards the theoretical and practical realization of optical fibre communication systems.
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14. ^ ^abcdefghijKao, Charles K. (2013) [original Chinese translation published in 2005]. 潮平岸闊——高錕自傳 [A Time And A Tide: Charles K. Kao ─ A Memoir] (autobiography) (in Chinese). Translated by 許迪鏘 (First ed.). Joint Publishing (Hong Kong). ISBN978-962-04-3444-0.
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33. ^'Draper Prize'. draper.comg. Archived from the original on February 14, 2010. Retrieved November 4, 2009. 'Charles Kao is credited for first publicly proposing the possibility of practical telecommunications using fibers in the 1960s.'
34. ^Montgomary, Jeff D. (March 22, 2002). 'Chapter 1 – History of Fiber Optics'. In DeCusatis, Casimer (ed.). Fiber optic data communication: technological trends and advances (1st ed.). Academic Press. 1.3.1. Long Road to Low-Loss Fiber (pp. 9–16). ISBN978-0-12-207891-0.
35. ^ ^ab'Charles Kao's Notes made in 1963 – Set A'. March 23, 2016.
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39. ^Kao, K. C.; Hockham, G. A. (1966). 'Dielectric-fibre surface waveguides for optical frequencies'. Proc. IEE. 113 (7): 1151–1158. doi:10.1049/piee.1966.0189.
40. ^Maryanne C. J. Large; Leon Poladian; Geoff Barton; Martijn A. van Eijkelenborg. (2008). Microstructured Polymer Optical Fibres. Springer. ISBN978-0-387-31273-6. Page 2
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43. ^1999 Charles Stark Draper Award Presented 'Kao, who was working at ITT's Standard Telecommunications Laboratories in the 1960s, theorized about how to use light for communication instead of bulky copper wire and was the first to publicly propose the possibility of a practical application for fibre-optic telecommunication.'
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130. ^Kao, Charles; Kao, May Wan (October 13, 2009). 'Professor and Mrs Charles K. Kao wish to express their gratitude to their friends, all staff, students and alumni at CUHK, members of the media, and the people of Hong Kong, by the following Open Letter' (Press release). Chinese University of Hong Kong. Archived from the original on October 16, 2009. Retrieved September 30, 2018. Charles Kao was born in Shanghai, China, did his primary research in 1966 at Standard Telecommunication Laboratories (STL) in Harlow, UK, followed through with work in the USA at ITT, over the following 20 years, to develop fiber optics into a commercial product and finally came to CUHK, Hong Kong in 1987 to pass on his knowledge and expertise to a new generation of students and businessmen. Charles really does belong to the world!
131. ^Kao, Charles K.; Kao, May Wan (February 5, 2010). 'Message from Prof. and Mrs. Charles K. Kao (5 February 2010)' (Press release). Chinese University of Hong Kong. Archived from the original on December 27, 2010. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
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Monographs[edit]

• Optical fiber technology; by Charles K. Kao. IEEE Press, New York, USA; 1981.
• Optical Fiber Technology, II; by Charles K. Kao. IEEE Press, New York, USA; 1981, 343 pages. ISBN0-471-09169-3ISBN978-0-471-09169-1.
• Optical Fiber Systems: Technology, Design, and Applications; by Charles K. Kao. McGraw-Hill, USA; 1982; 204 pages. ISBN0-07-033277-0ISBN978-0-07-033277-5.
• Optical fibre (IEE materials & devices series, Volume 6); by Charles K. Kao. Palgrave Macmillan on behalf of IEEE; 1988; University of Michigan; 158 pages. ISBN0-86341-125-8ISBN978-0-86341-125-0
• A Choice Fulfilled: the Business of High Technology; by Charles K. Kao. The Chinese University Press/ Palgrave Macmillan; 1991, 203 pages. ISBN962-201-521-2ISBN978-962-201-521-0
• Tackling the Millennium Bug Together: Public Conferences; by Charles K. Kao. Central Policy Unit, Hong Kong; 48 pages, 1998.
• Technology Road Maps for Hong Kong: a Preliminary Study; by Charles K. Kao. Office of Industrial and Business Development, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; 126 pages, 1990.
• Nonlinear Photonics: Nonlinearities in Optics, Optoelectronics and Fiber Communications; by Yili Guo, Kin S. Chiang, E. Herbert Li, and Charles K. Kao. The Chinese University Press, Hong Kong; 2002, 600 pages.

Further reading[edit]

• Kao, Charles (1982). Optical Fibre Systems: Technology, Design and Application. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Inc., US. ISBN978-0070332775.
• Hecht, Jeff (1999). City of Light, The Story of Fiber Optics. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19-510818-7.
• Kao, K. C.; Hockham, G. A. (1966). 'Dielectric-fibre surface waveguides for optical frequencies'. Proc. IEE. 113 (7): 1151–1158. doi:10.1049/piee.1966.0189.
• Kao, K. C.; Davies, T. W. (1968). 'Spectrophotometric Studies of Ultra Low Loss Optical Glasses – I: Single Beam Method'. Journal of Physics E. 2 (1): 1063–1068. Bibcode:1968JPhE..1.1063K. doi:10.1088/0022-3735/1/11/303.
• K. C. Kao (June 1986), '1012 bit/s Optoelectronics Technology', IEE Proceedings133, Pt.J, No 3, 230–236. doi:10.1049/ip-j.1986.0037
• 高錕. 傑出華人系列 (documentary and oral history) (in Cantonese, Chinese, and English). Radio Television Hong Kong. 2000. Retrieved September 27, 2018.
• 'Oral-History:Charles Kao'. Engineering and Technology History Wiki (oral history transcript). Interview Conducted by Robert Colburn. September 26, 2018 [interview conducted in 2004]. Retrieved September 27, 2018.CS1 maint: others (link)
• Kao, Charles K. (2010). A Time and A Tide: Charles K. Kao ─ A Memoir (autobiography). Chinese University Press. ISBN9789629969721.
  • Kao, Charles K. (2013) [the translation first published in 2005]. 潮平岸闊——高錕自傳 [A Time And A Tide: Charles K. Kao ─ A Memoir] (autobiography) (in Chinese). Translated by 許迪鏘 (First ed.). Joint Publishing (Hong Kong). ISBN978-962-04-3444-0.

External links[edit]

• BBC: Lighting the way to a revolution
• Mountain View Voice: The legacy of Charles Kao
• Man who lit up the world – Professor Charles Kao CBE FREngIngenia, Issue 43, June 2010

This is a list of Nobel Prize laureates by country. Listings for Economics refer to the related Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. The Nobel Prizes and the Prize in Economic Sciences have been awarded 567 times to 889 recipients, of which 25 awards (all Peace Prizes) were to organizations. Due to some recipients receiving multiple awards, the total number of recipients is 860 individuals and 22 organizations.^[1]

The present list ranks laureates under the country/countries that are stated by the Nobel Prize committee on its website.^[2] The list does not distinguish between laureates who received a full prize and the majority who shared a prize.^[3] Some laureates are listed under more than one country, because the official website mentions multiple countries in relation to the laureate.^[4] If a country is merely mentioned as the place of birth, an asterisk (*) is used in the respective listing to indicate this.^[5] In this case, the birth country is mentioned in italics at the other listings of this laureate.

Organizations are listed here if the Nobel Prize committee relates them to a single country.^[6]

• 2Nobel Prizes by category/country of birth

Summary[edit]

Nobel Prizes by category/country of birth[edit]

Argentina[edit]

1. César Milstein*, Physiology or Medicine, 1984
2. Adolfo Pérez Esquivel, Peace, 1980
3. Luis Federico Leloir, Chemistry, 1970
4. Bernardo Houssay, Physiology or Medicine, 1947
5. Carlos Saavedra Lamas, Peace, 1936

Australia[edit]

1. Brian Schmidt, born in the United States, Physics, 2011
2. Elizabeth Blackburn*, Physiology or Medicine, 2009
3. Barry Marshall, Physiology or Medicine, 2005
4. J. Robin Warren, Physiology or Medicine, 2005
5. Peter C. Doherty, Physiology or Medicine, 1996
6. Rolf Zinkernagel, Physiology or Medicine, 1996
7. John Cornforth*, Chemistry, 1975
8. Patrick White, born in the United Kingdom, Literature, 1973
9. John Carew Eccles, Physiology or Medicine, 1963
10. Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet, Physiology or Medicine, 1960
11. Howard Florey, Physiology or Medicine, 1945
12. William Lawrence Bragg, Physics, 1915

Austria[edit]

1. Martin Karplus*, Chemistry, 2013
2. International Atomic Energy Agency, Peace, 2005
3. Elfriede Jelinek, Literature, 2004
4. Eric Kandel*, Physiology or Medicine, 2000
5. Walter Kohn*, Chemistry, 1998
6. Friedrich Hayek, Economics, 1974
7. Konrad Lorenz, Physiology or Medicine, 1973
8. Karl von Frisch*, Physiology or Medicine, 1973
9. Max Perutz, Chemistry, 1962
10. Wolfgang Pauli, Physics, 1945
11. Richard Kuhn*, Chemistry, 1938
12. Otto Loewi, born in Germany, Physiology or Medicine, 1936
13. Victor Francis Hess, Physics, 1936
14. Erwin Schrödinger, Physics, 1933
15. Karl Landsteiner, Physiology or Medicine, 1930
16. Julius Wagner-Jauregg, Physiology or Medicine, 1927
17. Richard Adolf Zsigmondy, Chemistry, 1925
18. Fritz Pregl, born in Austria-Hungary, now Slovenia, Chemistry, 1923
19. Róbert Bárány, Physiology or Medicine, 1914
20. Alfred Hermann Fried, Peace, 1911
21. Bertha von Suttner, born in the Austrian Empire, now Czech Republic, Peace, 1905

Bangladesh[edit]

1. Muhammad Yunus, Peace, 2006
2. Grameen Bank, Peace, 2006

Belarus[edit]

1. Svetlana Alexievich, born in Ukraine, Literature, 2015
2. Zhores Alferov*, Physics, 2000

Belgium[edit]

1. François Englert, Physics, 2013
2. Ilya Prigogine, born in Russia, Chemistry, 1977
3. Christian de Duve, born in the United Kingdom, Physiology or Medicine, 1974
4. Albert Claude, Physiology or Medicine, 1974
5. Dominique Pire, Peace, 1958
6. Corneille Heymans, Physiology or Medicine, 1938
7. Jules Bordet, Physiology or Medicine, 1919
8. Henri La Fontaine, Peace, 1913
9. Maurice Maeterlinck, Literature, 1911
10. Auguste Beernaert, Peace, 1909
11. Institut de Droit International, Peace, 1904

Bosnia and Herzegovina[edit]

1. Ivo Andrić*, Ethnic Croat and national born in Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Austro-Hungarian Empire (now Bosnia and Herzegovina), Literature, 1961
2. Vladimir Prelog*, Ethnic Croat and national born in Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Austro-Hungarian Empire (now Bosnia and Herzegovina), Chemistry, 1975

Brazil[edit]

1. Peter Medawar*, Physiology or Medicine, 1960

Bulgaria[edit]

1. Elias Canetti*, Literature, 1981

Canada[edit]

1. Donna Strickland, Physics, 2018
2. Arthur B. McDonald, Physics, 2015
3. Alice Munro, Literature, 2013
4. Ralph M. Steinman, Physiology or Medicine, 2011
5. Willard S. Boyle*, Physics, 2009
6. Jack W. Szostak, born in the United Kingdom, Physiology or Medicine, 2009
7. Robert Mundell, Economics, 1999
8. Myron Scholes*, Economics, 1997
9. William Vickrey*, Economics, 1996
10. Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs, Peace, 1995
11. Bertram Brockhouse, Physics, 1994
12. Michael Smith, born in the United Kingdom, Chemistry, 1993
13. Rudolph A. Marcus*, Chemistry, 1992
14. Richard E. Taylor, Physics, 1990
15. Sidney Altman*, Chemistry, 1989
16. John Polanyi, born in Germany, Chemistry, 1986
17. Henry Taube*, Chemistry, 1983
18. David H. Hubel*, Physiology or Medicine, 1981
19. Saul Bellow*, Literature, 1976
20. Gerhard Herzberg, born in Germany, Chemistry, 1971
21. Charles B. Huggins*, Physiology or Medicine, 1966
22. Lester B. Pearson, Peace, 1957
23. William Giauque*, Chemistry, 1949
24. Frederick G. Banting, Physiology or Medicine, 1923
25. John James Rickard Macleod, born in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Physiology or Medicine, 1923
26. Ernest Rutherford, born in New Zealand, Chemistry, 1908

Chile[edit]

1. Pablo Neruda, Literature, 1971
2. Gabriela Mistral, Literature, 1945

China, Republic of[edit]

1. Charles K. Kao*, Physics, 2009
2. Daniel C. Tsui*, Physics, 1998
3. Chen-Ning Yang, Physics, 1957
4. Tsung-Dao Lee, Physics, 1957

China, People's Republic of[edit]

1. Tu Youyou, Physiology or Medicine, 2015
2. Mo Yan, Literature, 2012
3. Liu Xiaobo, Peace, 2010
4. Gao Xingjian*, Literature, 2000
5. Daniel C. Tsui*, Physics, 1998

Colombia[edit]

1. Juan Manuel Santos Calderón, Peace, 2016
2. Gabriel García Márquez, Literature, 1982

Congo, Democratic Republic[edit]

1. Denis Mukwege, Peace, 2018

Costa Rica[edit]

1. Óscar Arias Sánchez, Peace, 1987

Croatia[edit]

1. Leopold Ružička*, Ethnic Croat and national born in the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia, Austro-Hungarian Empire (now Croatia), Chemistry, 1939
2. Vladimir Prelog*, Ethnic Croat and national born in Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Austro-Hungarian Empire (now Bosnia and Herzegovina), Chemistry, 1975

Cyprus[edit]

1. Christopher A. Pissarides*, Economics, 2010

Czech Republic[edit]

1. Peter Grünberg*, born in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, now Czech Republic, Physics, 2007
2. Jaroslav Seifert, born in Prague, Austria-Hungary, now Czech Republic, Literature, 1984
3. Jaroslav Heyrovský, born in Prague, Austria-Hungary, now Czech Republic, Chemistry, 1959
4. Carl Ferdinand Cori*, born in Prague, Austria-Hungary, now Czech Republic, Physiology or Medicine, 1947
5. Gerty Cori*, born in Prague, Austria-Hungary, now Czech Republic, Physiology or Medicine, 1947
6. Bertha von Suttner*, born in Prague, Austria-Hungary, now Czech Republic, Peace, 1905

Denmark[edit]

1. Jens Christian Skou, Chemistry, 1997
2. Niels Kaj Jerne, born in United Kingdom, Physiology or Medicine, 1984
3. Aage Bohr, Physics, 1975
4. Ben Roy Mottelson, born in United States, Physics, 1975
5. Johannes V. Jensen, Literature, 1944
6. Henrik Dam, Physiology or Medicine, 1943
7. Johannes Fibiger, Physiology or Medicine, 1926
8. Niels Bohr, Physics, 1922
9. August Krogh, Physiology or Medicine, 1920
10. Karl Adolph Gjellerup, Literature, 1917
11. Henrik Pontoppidan, Literature, 1917
12. Fredrik Bajer, Peace, 1908
13. Niels Ryberg Finsen, born in Faroe Islands, Physiology or Medicine, 1903

East Timor[edit]

1. Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo, Peace, 1996
2. José Ramos-Horta, Peace, 1996

Egypt[edit]

1. Mohamed ElBaradei, Peace, 2005
2. Ahmed Zewail, Chemistry, 1999
3. Naguib Mahfouz, Literature, 1988
4. Anwar Sadat, Peace, 1978

Faroe Islands[edit]

1. Niels Ryberg Finsen*, Physiology or Medicine, 1903

Finland[edit]

1. Bengt R. Holmström, Economics, 2016
2. Martti Ahtisaari, Peace, 2008
3. Ragnar Granit, born in the Grand Duchy of Finland, a part of the Russian Empire in 1809–1917, Physiology or Medicine, 1967
4. Artturi Ilmari Virtanen, born in the Grand Duchy of Finland, a part of the Russian Empire in 1809–1917, Chemistry, 1945
5. Frans Eemil Sillanpää, born in the Grand Duchy of Finland, a part of the Russian Empire in 1809–1917, Literature, 1939

France[edit]

1. Gérard Mourou, Physics, 2018
2. Jean-Pierre Sauvage, Chemistry, 2016
3. Jean Tirole, Economics, 2014
4. Patrick Modiano, Literature, 2014
5. Serge Haroche, born in Morocco, then under French protectorate, Physics, 2012
6. Jules A. Hoffmann, born in Luxembourg, Physiology or Medicine, 2011
7. J. M. G. Le Clézio, Literature, 2008
8. Luc Montagnier, Physiology or Medicine, 2008
9. Françoise Barré-Sinoussi, Physiology or Medicine, 2008
10. Albert Fert, Physics, 2007
11. Yves Chauvin, Chemistry, 2005
12. Gao Xingjian, born in China, Literature, 2000
13. Médecins Sans Frontières, Peace, 1999
14. Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, born in French Algeria, Physics, 1997
15. Georges Charpak, born in then Poland (Second Polish Republic), now Ukraine, Physics, 1992
16. Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, Physics, 1991
17. Maurice Allais, Economics, 1988
18. Jean-Marie Lehn, Chemistry, 1987
19. Claude Simon, Literature, 1985
20. Gérard Debreu, Economics, 1983
21. Jean Dausset, Physiology or Medicine, 1980
22. Roger Guillemin*, Physiology or Medicine, 1977
23. Seán MacBride*, Peace, 1974
24. Louis Néel, Physics, 1970
25. Luis Federico Leloir*, Chemistry, 1970
26. René Cassin, Peace, 1968
27. Alfred Kastler, Physics, 1966
28. François Jacob, Physiology or Medicine, 1965
29. Jacques Monod, Physiology or Medicine, 1965
30. André Lwoff, Physiology or Medicine, 1965
31. Jean-Paul Sartre, Literature, 1964 (declined the prize)
32. Saint-John Perse, Literature, 1960
33. Albert Camus, born in French Algeria, Literature, 1957
34. André Frédéric Cournand, Physiology or Medicine, 1956
35. François Mauriac, Literature, 1952
36. Albert Schweitzer, born in Alsace, then in Germany, Peace, 1952
37. Léon Jouhaux, Peace, 1951
38. André Gide, Literature, 1947
39. Roger Martin du Gard, Literature, 1937
40. Frédéric Joliot-Curie, Chemistry, 1935
41. Irène Joliot-Curie, Chemistry, 1935
42. Ivan Bunin, born in Russia, Literature, 1933
43. Louis de Broglie, Physics, 1929
44. Charles Nicolle, Physiology or Medicine, 1928
45. Henri Bergson, Literature, 1927
46. Ferdinand Buisson, Peace, 1927
47. Aristide Briand, Peace, 1926
48. Jean Baptiste Perrin, Physics, 1926
49. Anatole France, Literature, 1921
50. Léon Bourgeois, Peace, 1920
51. Romain Rolland, Literature, 1915
52. Alfred Werner*, Chemistry, 1913
53. Charles Richet, Physiology or Medicine, 1913
54. Alexis Carrel, Physiology or Medicine, 1912
55. Paul Sabatier, Chemistry, 1912
56. Victor Grignard, Chemistry, 1912
57. Marie Curie, born in partitioned Poland (Russian Empire), Chemistry, 1911
58. Paul-Henri-Benjamin d'Estournelles de Constant, Peace, 1909
59. Gabriel Lippmann, born in Luxembourg, Physics, 1908
60. Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran, Physiology or Medicine, 1907
61. Louis Renault, Peace, 1907
62. Henri Moissan, Chemistry, 1906
63. Frédéric Mistral, Literature, 1904
64. Antoine Henri Becquerel, Physics, 1903
65. Pierre Curie, Physics, 1903
66. Marie Curie, born in partitioned Poland (Russian Empire), Physics, 1903
67. Henry Dunant, Peace, 1901 (Dunant was Swiss)
68. Frédéric Passy, Peace, 1901
69. Sully Prudhomme, Literature, 1901

Germany[edit]

1. Joachim Frank, Chemistry, 2017
2. Rainer Weiss*, Physics, 2017
3. Stefan Hell, born in Romania, Chemistry, 2014
4. Thomas C. Südhof, Physiology or Medicine, 2013
5. Herta Müller, born in Romania, Literature, 2009
6. Harald zur Hausen, Physiology or Medicine, 2008
7. Gerhard Ertl, Chemistry, 2007
8. Peter Grünberg, born in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, now the Czech Republic, Physics, 2007
9. Theodor W. Hänsch, Physics, 2005
10. Wolfgang Ketterle, Physics, 2001
11. Herbert Kroemer, Physics, 2000
12. Günter Blobel*, Physiology or Medicine, 1999
13. Günter Grass, born in Free City of Danzig, now Poland, Literature, 1999
14. Horst L. Störmer, Physics, 1998
15. Paul J. Crutzen, Chemistry, 1995
16. Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, Physiology or Medicine, 1995
17. Reinhard Selten, Economics, 1994
18. Bert Sakmann, Physiology or Medicine, 1991
19. Erwin Neher, Physiology or Medicine, 1991
20. Hans G. Dehmelt*, Physics, 1989
21. Wolfgang Paul, Physics, 1989
22. Johann Deisenhofer, Chemistry, 1988
23. Robert Huber, Chemistry, 1988
24. Hartmut Michel, Chemistry, 1988
25. Jack Steinberger*, Physics, 1988
26. J. Georg Bednorz, Physics, 1987
27. John Polanyi*, Chemistry, 1986
28. Ernst Ruska, Physics, 1986
29. Gerd Binnig, Physics, 1986
30. Klaus von Klitzing, Physics, 1985
31. Georges J.F. Köhler*, Physiology or Medicine, 1984
32. Georg Wittig, Chemistry, 1979
33. Arno Penzias*, Physics, 1978
34. Henry Kissinger*, Peace, 1978
35. Ernst Otto Fischer, Chemistry, 1973
36. Karl von Frisch, born in Austria-Hungary, now Austria, Physiology or Medicine, 1973
37. Heinrich Böll, Literature, 1972
38. Gerhard Herzberg*, Chemistry, 1971
39. Willy Brandt, Peace, 1971
40. Bernard Katz*, Physiology or Medicine, 1970
41. Max Delbrück*, Physiology or Medicine, 1969
42. Manfred Eigen, Chemistry, 1967
43. Hans Bethe*, Physics, 1967
44. Nelly Sachs*, Literature, 1966
45. Feodor Felix Konrad Lynen, Physiology or Medicine, 1964
46. Konrad Bloch*, Physiology or Medicine, 1964
47. Karl Ziegler, Chemistry, 1963
48. Maria Goeppert-Mayer*, Physics, 1963
49. J. Hans D. Jensen, Physics, 1963
50. Rudolf Mössbauer, Physics, 1961
51. Werner Forssmann, Physiology or Medicine, 1956
52. Polykarp Kusch*, Physics, 1955
53. Max Born*, Physics, 1954
54. Walther Bothe, Physics, 1954
55. Hermann Staudinger, Chemistry, 1953
56. Fritz Albert Lipmann*, Physiology or Medicine, 1953
57. Hans Adolf Krebs*, Physiology or Medicine, 1953
58. Albert Schweitzer*, Peace, 1952
59. Otto Diels, Chemistry, 1950
60. Kurt Alder, Chemistry, 1950
61. Hermann Hesse*, Literature, 1946
62. Ernst Boris Chain*, Physiology or Medicine, 1945
63. Otto Hahn, Chemistry, 1944
64. Otto Stern*, Physics, 1943
65. Adolf Butenandt, Chemistry, 1939
66. Gerhard Domagk, Physiology or Medicine, 1939
67. Richard Kuhn, born in Austria-Hungary, now Austria, Chemistry, 1938
68. Otto Loewi*, Physiology or Medicine, 1936
69. Carl von Ossietzky, Peace, 1935
70. Hans Spemann, Physiology or Medicine, 1935
71. Werner Karl Heisenberg, Physics, 1932
72. Otto Heinrich Warburg, Physiology or Medicine, 1931
73. Carl Bosch, Chemistry, 1931
74. Friedrich Bergius, Chemistry, 1931
75. Hans Fischer, Chemistry, 1930
76. Thomas Mann, Literature, 1929
77. Hans von Euler-Chelpin*, Chemistry, 1929
78. Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus, Chemistry, 1928
79. Ludwig Quidde, Peace, 1927
80. Heinrich Otto Wieland, Chemistry, 1927
81. Gustav Stresemann, Peace, 1926
82. James Franck, Physics, 1925
83. Gustav Ludwig Hertz, Physics, 1925
84. Otto Fritz Meyerhof, Physiology or Medicine, 1922
85. Albert Einstein, Physics, 1921
86. Walther Nernst, Chemistry, 1920
87. Johannes Stark, Physics, 1919
88. Fritz Haber, Chemistry, 1918
89. Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck, Physics, 1918
90. Richard Willstätter, Chemistry, 1915
91. Max von Laue, Physics, 1914
92. Gerhart Hauptmann, born in Prussia, now Poland, Literature, 1912
93. Wilhelm Wien, Physics, 1911
94. Otto Wallach, Chemistry, 1910
95. Albrecht Kossel, Physiology or Medicine, 1910
96. Paul Johann Ludwig Heyse, Literature, 1910
97. Karl Ferdinand Braun, Physics, 1909
98. Wilhelm Ostwald, born in Russia, now Latvia, Chemistry, 1909
99. Rudolf Christoph Eucken, Literature, 1908
100. Paul Ehrlich, Physiology or Medicine, 1908
101. Eduard Buchner, Chemistry, 1907
102. Robert Koch, Physiology or Medicine, 1905
103. Philipp Lenard, born in Pressburg, Kingdom of Hungary, Austrian Empire, now Slovakia, Physics, 1905
104. Adolf von Baeyer, Chemistry, 1905
105. Hermann Emil Fischer, Chemistry, 1902
106. Theodor Mommsen, born in Duchy of Schleswig, Literature, 1902
107. Emil Adolf von Behring, Physiology or Medicine, 1901
108. Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, Physics, 1901

Ghana[edit]

1. Kofi Annan, Peace, 2001

Greece[edit]

1. Odysseas Elytis, Literature, 1979
2. Giorgos Seferis, Literature, 1963

Guatemala[edit]

1. Rigoberta Menchú, Peace, 1992
2. Miguel Ángel Asturias, Literature, 1967

Hong Kong[edit]

1. Charles K. Kao, Physics, 2009

Hungary[edit]

1. Avram Hershko*, as an Israeli citizen, Chemistry, 2004
2. Imre Kertész, Literature, 2002
3. George Andrew Olah, Chemistry, 1994
4. John Harsanyi, Economics, 1994
5. John Polanyi, born in Germany, Chemistry, 1986
6. Dennis Gabor, Physics, 1971
7. Eugene Wigner, Physics, 1963
8. Georg von Békésy, Physiology or Medicine, 1961
9. George de Hevesy, Chemistry, 1943
10. Albert Szent-Györgyi, Physiology or Medicine, 1937
11. Richard Adolf Zsigmondy, Chemistry, 1925
12. Róbert Bárány, born in Austria-Hungary, Medicine, 1914
13. Philipp Lenard, Physics, 1905

Iceland[edit]

1. Halldór Laxness, Literature, 1955

India[edit]

1. Kailash Satyarthi, Peace, 2014
2. Venkatraman Ramakrishnan*, as a UK Citizen, Chemistry, 2009
3. Amartya Sen, Economics, 1998
4. Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar*, as a United States Citizen, Physics, 1983
5. Mother Teresa, born in then Ottoman Empire, now North Macedonia, Peace, 1979
6. Har Gobind Khorana*, as a United States Citizen, Physiology or Medicine, 1968
7. C. V. Raman, Physics, 1930
8. Rabindranath Tagore, Literature, 1913
9. Rudyard Kipling*, Literature, 1907
10. Ronald Ross*, Physiology or Medicine, 1902

Iran[edit]

1. Shirin Ebadi, Peace, 2003

Iraq[edit]

1. Nadia Murad, Peace, 2018

Ireland[edit]

1. William C. Campbell, Physiology or Medicine, 2015
2. John Hume, Peace, 1998
3. David Trimble, Peace, 1998
4. Séamus Heaney, Literature, 1995
5. Mairead Corrigan, Peace, 1976
6. Betty Williams, Peace, 1976
7. Seán MacBride, born in France, Peace, 1974
8. Samuel Beckett, Literature, 1969
9. Ernest Walton, Physics, 1951
10. George Bernard Shaw*, Literature, 1925
11. W. B. Yeats, Literature, 1923

Israel[edit]

1. Arieh Warshel*, Chemistry, 2013
2. Michael Levitt, born in South Africa, Chemistry, 2013
3. Dan Shechtman, Chemistry, 2011
4. Ada Yonath, Chemistry, 2009
5. Robert Aumann, born in Germany, moved to Israel from America, Economics, 2005
6. Aaron Ciechanover, Chemistry, 2004
7. Avram Hershko, born in Hungary, Chemistry, 2004
8. Daniel Kahneman, Economics, 2002
9. Yitzhak Rabin, Peace, 1994
10. Shimon Peres, born in Poland, now Belarus, Peace, 1994
11. Menachem Begin, born in Russia, now Belarus, Peace, 1978
12. Shmuel Yosef Agnon, born in Austria-Hungary, now Ukraine, Literature, 1966

Italy[edit]

1. Mario R. Capecchi*, Physiology or Medicine, 2007
2. Riccardo Giacconi*, Physics, 2002
3. Dario Fo, Literature, 1997
4. Rita Levi-Montalcini, Physiology or Medicine, 1986
5. Franco Modigliani*, Economics, 1985
6. Carlo Rubbia, Physics, 1984
7. Eugenio Montale, Literature, 1975
8. Renato Dulbecco*, Physiology or Medicine, 1975
9. Salvador Luria*, Physiology or Medicine, 1969
10. Giulio Natta, Chemistry, 1963
11. Emilio Segrè*, Physics, 1959
12. Salvatore Quasimodo, Literature, 1959
13. Daniel Bovet, born in Switzerland, Physiology or Medicine, 1957
14. Enrico Fermi, Physics, 1938
15. Luigi Pirandello, Literature, 1934
16. Grazia Deledda, Literature, 1926
17. Guglielmo Marconi, Physics, 1909
18. Ernesto Teodoro Moneta, Peace, 1907
19. Camillo Golgi, Physiology or Medicine, 1906
20. Giosuè Carducci, Literature, 1906

Japan[edit]

1. Tasuku Honjo, Physiology or Medicine, 2018
2. Kazuo Ishiguro*, Literature, 2017
3. Yoshinori Ohsumi, Physiology or Medicine, 2016
4. Takaaki Kajita, Physics, 2015
5. Satoshi Ōmura, Physiology or Medicine, 2015
6. Shuji Nakamura*, Physics, 2014
7. Hiroshi Amano, Physics, 2014
8. Isamu Akasaki, Physics, 2014
9. Shinya Yamanaka, Physiology or Medicine, 2012
10. Akira Suzuki, Chemistry, 2010
11. Ei-ichi Negishi, Born in China, Chemistry, 2010
12. Osamu Shimomura, Chemistry, 2008
13. Toshihide Maskawa, Physics, 2008
14. Makoto Kobayashi, Physics, 2008
15. Yoichiro Nambu*, Physics, 2008
16. Koichi Tanaka, Chemistry, 2002
17. Masatoshi Koshiba, Physics, 2002
18. Ryōji Noyori, Chemistry, 2001
19. Hideki Shirakawa, Chemistry, 2000
20. Kenzaburō Ōe, Literature, 1994
21. Susumu Tonegawa, Physiology or Medicine, 1987
22. Kenichi Fukui, Chemistry, 1981
23. Eisaku Satō, Peace, 1974
24. Leo Esaki, Physics, 1973
25. Yasunari Kawabata, Literature, 1968
26. Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, Physics, 1965
27. Hideki Yukawa, Physics, 1949

Kenya[edit]

1. Wangari Maathai, Peace, 2004

Liberia[edit]

1. Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, Peace, 2011
2. Leymah Gbowee, Peace, 2011

Lithuania[edit]

1. Aaron Klug*, Chemistry, 1982
2. Czesław Miłosz*, Literature, 1980

Luxembourg[edit]

1. Jules A. Hoffmann*, Physiology or Medicine, 2011
2. Gabriel Lippmann*, Physics, 1908

North Macedonia[edit]

1. Mother Teresa*, born in then Ottoman Empire, now North Macedonia, Peace, 1979

Mexico[edit]

1. Mario José Molina Henríquez*, Chemistry, 1995
2. Octavio Paz Lozano, Literature, 1990
3. Alfonso García Robles, Peace, 1982

Myanmar (Burma)[edit]

1. Aung San Suu Kyi, Peace, 1991

Netherlands[edit]

1. Ben Feringa, Chemistry, 2016
2. Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, Peace, 2013
3. Andre Geim, born in Soviet Union, now Russia, Physics, 2010
4. Martinus J. G. Veltman, Physics, 1999
5. Gerard 't Hooft, Physics, 1999
6. Paul J. Crutzen, Chemistry, 1995
7. Simon van der Meer, Physics, 1984
8. Nicolaas Bloembergen*, Physics, 1981
9. Tjalling C. Koopmans, Economics, 1975
10. Nikolaas Tinbergen*, Physiology or Medicine, 1973
11. Jan Tinbergen, Economics, 1969
12. Frits Zernike, Physics, 1953
13. Peter Debye, Chemistry, 1936
14. Christiaan Eijkman, Physiology or Medicine, 1929
15. Willem Einthoven, Physiology or Medicine, 1924
16. Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, Physics, 1913
17. Tobias Asser, Peace, 1911
18. Johannes Diderik van der Waals, Physics, 1910
19. Pieter Zeeman, Physics, 1902
20. Hendrik Lorentz, Physics, 1902
21. Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, Chemistry, 1901

New Zealand[edit]

1. Alan MacDiarmid, Chemistry, 2000
2. Ernest Rutherford*, Chemistry, 1908
3. Maurice Wilkins, Physiology or Medicine, 1962

Nigeria[edit]

1. Wole Soyinka, Literature, 1986

Norway[edit]

1. May-Britt Moser, Physiology or Medicine, 2014
2. Edvard Moser, Physiology or Medicine, 2014
3. Finn E. Kydland, Economics, 2004
4. Trygve Haavelmo, Economics, 1989
5. Ivar Giaever, Physics, 1973
6. Ragnar Frisch, Economics, 1969
7. Odd Hassel, Chemistry, 1969
8. Lars Onsager, Chemistry, 1968
9. Sigrid Undset, Literature, 1928
10. Fridtjof Nansen, Peace, 1922
11. Christian Lous Lange, Peace, 1921
12. Knut Hamsun, Literature, 1920
13. Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson, Literature, 1903

Pakistan[edit]

1. Malala Yousafzai, Peace, 2014
2. Abdus Salam, As Pakistani citizen born in then British India, now Pakistan, Physics, 1979

Palestine[edit]

1. Yasser Arafat, Born in Cairo, Egypt, Peace, 1994

Peru[edit]

1. Mario Vargas Llosa*, Literature, 2010

Poland[edit]

1. Leonid Hurwicz*, born in then Russian Republic, now Russia, Economics, 2007
2. Wisława Szymborska, Literature, 1996
3. Joseph Rotblat*, born in Congress Poland (Russian Empire), Peace, 1995
4. Shimon Peres*, as an Israeli citizen, Peace, 1994
5. Lech Wałęsa, born in Popowo, Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia, Germany (German-occupied Poland), Peace, 1983
6. Roald Hoffmann*, born in then Poland (Second Polish Republic), now Ukraine, Chemistry, 1981
7. Czesław Miłosz, born in Russian Empire, now Lithuania, Literature, 1980
8. Isaac Bashevis Singer*, born in Congress Poland (Russian Empire), Literature, 1978
9. Andrew Schally*, born in Wilno, Second Polish Republic (now Vilnius, Lithuania), Medicine, 1977
10. Tadeusz Reichstein*, born in Congress Poland (Russian Empire), Physiology or Medicine, 1950
11. Władysław Reymont, born in Congress Poland (Russian Empire), Literature, 1924
12. Marie Skłodowska-Curie, born in Congress Poland (Russian Empire), Chemistry, 1911
13. Henryk Sienkiewicz, born in Congress Poland (Russian Empire), Literature, 1905
14. Marie Skłodowska-Curie, born in Congress Poland (Russian Empire), Physics, 1903

Portugal[edit]

1. José de Sousa Saramago, Literature, 1998
2. Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo*, born in then Portuguese Timor, now East Timor, Peace, 1996
3. José Ramos-Horta*, born in then Portuguese Timor, now East Timor, Peace, 1996
4. António Egas Moniz, Physiology or Medicine, 1949

Romania[edit]

1. Stefan Hell*, Chemistry, 2014
2. Herta Müller*, Literature, 2009
3. Elie Wiesel*, Peace, 1986
4. George E. Palade*, Physiology or Medicine, 1974

Russia and Soviet Union[edit]

1. Andre Geim*, Physics, 2010
2. Konstantin Novoselov*, Physics, 2010
3. Leonid Hurwicz*, Economics, 2007
4. Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov*, Physics, 2003
5. Vitaly Ginzburg, Physics, 2003
6. Zhores Alferov, born in then Soviet Union, now Belarus, Physics, 2000
7. Mikhail Gorbachev, Peace, 1990
8. Joseph Brodsky, born in Russia, Literature, 1987
9. Pyotr Kapitsa, Physics, 1978
10. Menachem Begin*, as an Israeli citizen, Peace, 1978
11. Ilya Prigogine*, Chemistry, 1977
12. Andrei Sakharov, Peace, 1975
13. Leonid Kantorovich, Economics, 1975
14. Simon Kuznets, now Belarus, Economics, 1971
15. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Literature, 1970
16. Mikhail Sholokhov, Literature, 1965
17. Nikolay Basov, Physics, 1964
18. Alexander Prokhorov, born in Australia, Physics, 1964
19. Lev Landau, born in then Russian Empire, now Azerbaijan, laureate when citizen of the Soviet Union, Physics, 1962
20. Boris Pasternak, Literature, 1958 (forced to decline)
21. Pavel Cherenkov, Physics, 1958
22. Igor Tamm, Physics, 1958
23. Ilya Mikhailovich Frank, Physics, 1958
24. Nikolay Semyonov, Chemistry, 1956
25. Ivan Bunin*, Literature, 1933
26. Władysław Reymont, born in Congress Poland (Russian Empire), Literature, 1924
27. Marie Skłodowska-Curie, born in Congress Poland (Russian Empire), Chemistry, 1911
28. Élie Metchnikoff, born in now Ukraine, Physiology or Medicine, 1908
29. Henryk Sienkiewicz, born in Congress Poland (Russian Empire), Literature, 1905
30. Ivan Pavlov, Physiology or Medicine, 1904
31. Marie Skłodowska-Curie, born in Congress Poland (Russian Empire), Physics, 1903

Saint Lucia[edit]

1. Derek Walcott, Literature, 1992
2. W. Arthur Lewis*, Economics, 1979

Slovenia[edit]

1. Friderik Pregl*, born in Austria-Hungary, now Slovenia, Chemistry, 1923

South Africa[edit]

1. J. M. Coetzee, Literature, 2003
2. Sydney Brenner*, Physiology or Medicine, 2002
3. F. W. de Klerk, Peace, 1993
4. Nelson Mandela, Peace, 1993
5. Nadine Gordimer, Literature, 1991
6. Desmond Tutu, Peace, 1984
7. Aaron Klug*, Chemistry, 1982
8. Allan M. Cormack*, Physiology or Medicine, 1979
9. Albert Lutuli, born in then Rhodesia, now Zimbabwe, Peace, 1960
10. Max Theiler, Physiology or Medicine, 1951

South Korea[edit]

1. Kim Dae-jung, Peace, 2000
2. Charles J. Pedersen*, Chemistry, 1987

Spain[edit]

1. Mario Vargas Llosa, born in Peru, Literature, 2010
2. Camilo José Cela, Literature, 1989
3. Vicente Aleixandre, Literature, 1977
4. Severo Ochoa*, Physiology or Medicine, 1959
5. Juan Ramón Jiménez, Literature, 1956
6. Jacinto Benavente, Literature, 1922
7. Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Physiology or Medicine, 1906
8. José Echegaray, Literature, 1904

Sweden[edit]

1. Tomas Lindahl, Chemistry, 2015
2. Tomas Tranströmer, Literature, 2011
3. Arvid Carlsson, Physiology or Medicine, 2000
4. Alva Myrdal, Peace, 1982
5. Sune Bergström, Physiology or Medicine, 1982
6. Bengt I. Samuelsson, Physiology or Medicine, 1982
7. Kai Siegbahn, Physics, 1981
8. Torsten Wiesel, Physiology or Medicine, 1981
9. Bertil Ohlin, Economics, 1977
10. Eyvind Johnson, Literature, 1974
11. Harry Martinson, Literature, 1974
12. Gunnar Myrdal, Economics, 1974
13. Ulf von Euler, Physiology or Medicine, 1970
14. Hannes Alfvén, Physics, 1970
15. Ragnar Granit, born in the Grand Duchy of Finland, then a part of Russia, Physiology or Medicine, 1967
16. Nelly Sachs, born in Germany, Literature, 1966
17. Dag Hammarskjöld, Peace, 1961 (posthumously)
18. Hugo Theorell, Physiology or Medicine, 1955
19. Pär Lagerkvist, Literature, 1951
20. Arne Tiselius, Chemistry, 1948
21. Erik Axel Karlfeldt, Literature, 1931 (posthumously)
22. Nathan Söderblom, Peace, 1930
23. Hans von Euler-Chelpin, born in Germany, Chemistry, 1929
24. Theodor Svedberg, Chemistry, 1926
25. Karl Manne Siegbahn, Physics, 1924
26. Hjalmar Branting, Peace, 1921
27. Carl Gustaf Verner von Heidenstam, Literature, 1916
28. Gustaf Dalén, Physics, 1912
29. Allvar Gullstrand, Physiology or Medicine, 1911
30. Selma Lagerlöf, Literature, 1909
31. Klas Pontus Arnoldson, Peace, 1908
32. Svante Arrhenius, Chemistry, 1903

Switzerland[edit]

1. Jacques Dubochet, Chemistry, 2017
2. Kurt Wüthrich, Chemistry, 2002
3. Médecins Sans Frontières, Peace, 1999
4. Rolf M. Zinkernagel, Physiology or Medicine, 1996
5. Richard R. Ernst, Chemistry, 1991
6. Karl Alexander Müller, Physics, 1987
7. Heinrich Rohrer, Physics, 1986
8. Georges J. F. Köhler, born in Germany (worked in Switzerland for 1976 to 1984), Physiology or Medicine, 1984
9. Werner Arber, Physiology or Medicine, 1978
10. Vladimir Prelog, born in Austria-Hungary, now Bosnia-Herzegovina, Chemistry, 1975
11. Daniel Bovet, Physiology or Medicine, 1957
12. Felix Bloch, Physics, 1952
13. Tadeusz Reichstein, Physiology or Medicine, 1950
14. Walter Rudolf Hess, Physiology or Medicine, 1949
15. Paul Hermann Müller, Physiology or Medicine, 1948
16. Hermann Hesse, born in Germany, Literature, 1946
17. Leopold Ružička, born in Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia, Austria-Hungary, now Croatia, Chemistry, 1939
18. Paul Karrer, Chemistry, 1937
19. Albert Einstein, born in Germany, Physics, 1921
20. Charles Édouard Guillaume, Physics, 1920
21. Carl Spitteler, Literature, 1919
22. Alfred Werner, Chemistry, 1913
23. Theodor Kocher, Physiology or Medicine, 1909
24. Élie Ducommun, Peace, 1902
25. Charles Albert Gobat, Peace, 1902
26. Henry Dunant, Peace, 1901

Taiwan (China, Republic of)[edit]

1. Yuan T. Lee, Chemistry, 1986
2. Samuel C. C. Ting, Physics, 1976

Tibet[edit]

1. 14th Dalai Lama, born in Tibet, Peace, 1989

Trinidad and Tobago[edit]

1. V. S. Naipaul*, Literature, 2001

Tunisia[edit]

1. Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet, Peace, 2015.

Turkey[edit]

1. Aziz Sancar, Chemistry, 2015
2. Orhan Pamuk, Literature, 2006

Ukraine[edit]

1. Georges Charpak, Physics, 1992
2. Roald Hoffmann*, born in then Poland (Second Polish Republic), now Ukraine, Chemistry, 1981
3. Selman A. Waksman, Physiology or Medicine, 1952
4. Shmuel Yosef Agnon, Literature, 1966
5. Svetlana Alexievich*, born in Ukraine, Literature, 2015
6. Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, Physiology or Medicine, 1908

United Kingdom[edit]

1. Greg Winter, Chemistry, 2018
2. Kazuo Ishiguro, born in Japan, Literature, 2017
3. Richard Henderson, Chemistry, 2017
4. Oliver Hart, Economics, 2016
5. Fraser Stoddart, Chemistry, 2016
6. David J. Thouless, Physics, 2016
7. F. Duncan M. Haldane, Physics, 2016
8. John M. Kosterlitz, Physics, 2016
9. Angus Deaton, Economics, 2015
10. Tomas Lindahl, born in Sweden, Chemistry, 2015
11. John O'Keefe, born in the United States, Physiology or Medicine, 2014
12. Michael Levitt*, as an Israeli citizen, Chemistry, 2013
13. Peter Higgs, Physics, 2013
14. John B. Gurdon, Physiology or Medicine, 2012
15. Christopher A. Pissarides, born in Cyprus, Economics, 2010
16. Konstantin Novoselov, born in Russia, Physics, 2010
17. Robert G. Edwards, Physiology or Medicine, 2010
18. Charles K. Kao, Physics, 2009
19. Doris Lessing, born in Iran, Literature, 2007
20. Sir Martin J. Evans, Physiology or Medicine, 2007
21. Oliver Smithies*, Physiology or Medicine, 2007
22. Harold Pinter, Literature, 2005
23. Clive W. J. Granger, Economics, 2003
24. Anthony J. Leggett*, Physics, 2003
25. Peter Mansfield, Physiology or Medicine, 2003
26. Sydney Brenner, born in South Africa, Physiology or Medicine, 2002
27. John E. Sulston, Physiology or Medicine, 2002
28. Tim Hunt, Physiology or Medicine, 2001
29. Paul Nurse, Physiology or Medicine, 2001
30. V. S. Naipaul, born in Trinidad, Literature, 2001
31. David Trimble, Peace, 1998
32. John Pople, Chemistry, 1998
33. John E. Walker, Chemistry, 1997
34. Harold Kroto, Chemistry, 1996
35. James A. Mirrlees, Economics, 1996
36. Joseph Rotblat, born in then Russian Empire, now Poland, Peace, 1995
37. Richard J. Roberts, Physiology or Medicine, 1993
38. Michael Smith*, Chemistry, 1993
39. Ronald Coase, based in the United States, Economics, 1991
40. James W. Black, Physiology or Medicine, 1988
41. Niels Kaj Jerne*, Physiology or Medicine, 1984
42. César Milstein, born in Argentina, Physiology or Medicine, 1984
43. Richard Stone, Economics, 1984
44. William Golding, Literature, 1983
45. Aaron Klug, born in Lithuania, Chemistry, 1982
46. John Robert Vane, Physiology or Medicine, 1982
47. Elias Canetti, born in Bulgaria, Literature, 1981
48. Frederick Sanger, Chemistry, 1980
49. W. Arthur Lewis, born on St. Lucia, Economics, 1979
50. Godfrey Hounsfield, Physiology or Medicine, 1979
51. Peter D. Mitchell, Chemistry, 1978
52. James Meade, Economics, 1977
53. Nevill Francis Mott, Physics, 1977
54. Amnesty International, Peace, 1977
55. Mairead Corrigan, Peace, 1976
56. Betty Williams, Peace, 1976
57. John Cornforth, born in Australia, Chemistry, 1975
58. Christian de Duve*, Physiology or Medicine, 1974
59. Friedrich Hayek, born in Austria, Economics, 1974
60. Martin Ryle, Physics, 1974
61. Antony Hewish, Physics, 1974
62. Patrick White*, Literature, 1973
63. Geoffrey Wilkinson, Chemistry, 1973
64. Brian David Josephson, Physics, 1973
65. Nikolaas Tinbergen, born in the Netherlands, Physiology or Medicine, 1973
66. Rodney Robert Porter, Physiology or Medicine, 1972
67. John Hicks, Economics, 1972
68. Dennis Gabor, born in Hungary, Physics, 1971
69. Bernard Katz, born in Germany, Physiology or Medicine, 1970
70. Derek Harold Richard Barton, Chemistry, 1969
71. Ronald George Wreyford Norrish, Chemistry, 1967
72. George Porter, Chemistry, 1967
73. Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin, Chemistry, 1964
74. Andrew Huxley, Physiology or Medicine, 1963
75. Alan Lloyd Hodgkin, Physiology or Medicine, 1963
76. John Kendrew, Chemistry, 1962
77. Max Perutz, born in Austria, Chemistry, 1962
78. Francis Crick, Physiology or Medicine, 1962
79. Maurice Wilkins, born in New Zealand, Physiology or Medicine, 1962
80. Peter Medawar, born in Brazil, Physiology or Medicine, 1960
81. Philip Noel-Baker, Peace, 1959
82. Frederick Sanger, Chemistry, 1958
83. Alexander R. Todd, Baron Todd, Chemistry, 1957
84. Cyril Norman Hinshelwood, Chemistry, 1956
85. Max Born, born in then Germany, now Poland, Physics, 1954
86. Winston Churchill, Literature, 1953
87. Hans Adolf Krebs, born in Germany, Physiology or Medicine, 1953
88. Archer John Porter Martin, Chemistry, 1952
89. Richard Laurence Millington Synge, Chemistry, 1952
90. John Cockcroft, Physics, 1951
91. Bertrand Russell, Literature, 1950
92. Cecil Frank Powell, Physics, 1950
93. John Boyd Orr, Peace, 1949
94. T. S. Eliot, born in the United States, Literature, 1948
95. Patrick Blackett, Baron Blackett, Physics, 1948
96. Edward Victor Appleton, Physics, 1947
97. Robert Robinson, Chemistry, 1947
98. Friends Service Council, Peace, 1947
99. Ernst Boris Chain, born in Germany, Physiology or Medicine, 1945
100. Alexander Fleming, Physiology or Medicine, 1945
101. George Paget Thomson, Physics, 1937
102. Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood, Peace, 1937
103. Norman Haworth, Chemistry, 1937
104. Henry Hallett Dale, Physiology or Medicine, 1936
105. James Chadwick, Physics, 1935
106. Arthur Henderson, Peace, 1934
107. Norman Angell, Peace, 1933
108. Paul Dirac, Physics, 1933
109. Charles Scott Sherrington, Physiology or Medicine, 1932
110. John Galsworthy, Literature, 1932
111. Edgar Adrian, 1st Baron Adrian, Physiology or Medicine, 1932
112. Arthur Harden, Chemistry, 1929
113. Frederick Hopkins, Physiology or Medicine, 1929
114. Owen Willans Richardson, Physics, 1928
115. Charles Thomson Rees Wilson, Physics, 1927
116. Austen Chamberlain, Peace, 1925
117. George Bernard Shaw, born in Ireland, Literature, 1925
118. John James Rickard Macleod*, Physiology or Medicine, 1923
119. Archibald Vivian Hill, Physiology or Medicine, 1922
120. Francis William Aston, Chemistry, 1922
121. Frederick Soddy, Chemistry, 1921
122. Charles Glover Barkla, Physics, 1917
123. William Henry Bragg, Physics, 1915
124. William Lawrence Bragg, born in Australia, Physics, 1915
125. Ernest Rutherford, born in New Zealand, Chemistry, 1908
126. Rudyard Kipling, born in India, Literature, 1907
127. J. J. Thomson, Physics, 1906
128. John Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh, Physics, 1904
129. William Ramsay, Chemistry, 1904
130. William Randal Cremer, Peace, 1903
131. Ronald Ross, born in India, Physiology or Medicine, 1902

United States[edit]

1. Paul Romer, Economics, 2018
2. William Nordhaus, Economics, 2018
3. George P. Smith, Chemistry, 2018
4. Frances Arnold, Chemistry, 2018
5. Arthur Ashkin, Physics, 2018
6. James Allison, Physiology or Medicine, 2018
7. Richard H. Thaler, Economics, 2017
8. Joachim Frank, born in Germany, Chemistry, 2017
9. Rainer Weiss, born in Germany, Physics, 2017
10. Kip Thorne, Physics, 2017
11. Barry Barish, Physics, 2017
12. Michael W. Young, Physiology or Medicine, 2017
13. Michael Rosbash, Physiology or Medicine, 2017
14. Jeffrey C. Hall, Physiology or Medicine, 2017
15. Bob Dylan, Literature, 2016
16. Oliver Hart, born in United Kingdom, Economics, 2016
17. Fraser Stoddart, born in United Kingdom, Chemistry, 2016
18. F. Duncan M. Haldane, born in United Kingdom, Physics, 2016
19. John M. Kosterlitz, born in United Kingdom, Physics, 2016
20. Angus Deaton, born in United Kingdom, Economics, 2015
21. Paul L. Modrich, Chemistry, 2015
22. Aziz Sancar, born in Turkey, Chemistry, 2015
23. William C. Campbell, born in Ireland, Physiology or Medicine, 2015
24. William E. Moerner, Chemistry, 2014
25. Eric Betzig, Chemistry, 2014
26. Shuji Nakamura, born in Japan, Physics, 2014
27. John O'Keefe*, Physiology or Medicine, 2014
28. Robert J. Shiller, Economics, 2013
29. Lars Peter Hansen, Economics, 2013
30. Eugene F. Fama, Economics, 2013
31. Arieh Warshel, born in Israel, Chemistry, 2013
32. Michael Levitt*, as an Israeli citizen, Chemistry, 2013
33. Martin Karplus, born in Austria, Chemistry, 2013
34. Randy Schekman, Physiology or Medicine, 2013
35. Thomas C. Südhof, born in Germany, Physiology or Medicine, 2013
36. James Rothman, Physiology or Medicine, 2013
37. Alvin E. Roth, Economics, 2012
38. Lloyd S. Shapley, Economics, 2012
39. Brian K. Kobilka, Chemistry, 2012
40. Robert J. Lefkowitz, Chemistry, 2012
41. David J. Wineland, Physics, 2012
42. Christopher A. Sims, Economics, 2011
43. Thomas J. Sargent, Economics, 2011
44. Saul Perlmutter, Physics, 2011
45. Brian P. Schmidt, Physics, 2011
46. Adam G. Riess, Physics, 2011
47. Ralph M. Steinman, born in Canada, Physiology or Medicine, 2011
48. Bruce Beutler, Physiology or Medicine, 2011
49. Peter A. Diamond, Economics, 2010
50. Dale T. Mortensen, Economics, 2010
51. Ei-ichi Negishi, Japanese citizenship, Chemistry, 2010
52. Richard F. Heck, Chemistry, 2010
53. Elinor Ostrom, Economics, 2009
54. Oliver Eaton Williamson, Economics, 2009
55. Barack H. Obama, Peace, 2009
56. Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, born in India, Chemistry, 2009
57. Thomas A. Steitz, Chemistry, 2009
58. Willard S. Boyle, born in Canada, Physics, 2009
59. Charles K. Kao, born in China, Physics, 2009
60. George E. Smith, Physics, 2009
61. Elizabeth Blackburn, born in Australia, Physiology or Medicine, 2009
62. Carol W. Greider, Physiology or Medicine, 2009
63. Jack W. Szostak, born in United Kingdom, Physiology or Medicine, 2009
64. Paul Krugman, Economics, 2008
65. Roger Yonchien Tsien, Chemistry, 2008
66. Martin Chalfie, Chemistry, 2008
67. Osamu Shimomura, Japanese citizenship , Chemistry, 2008
68. Yoichiro Nambu, born in Japan, Physics, 2008
69. Leonid Hurwicz, born in Russia, Economics, 2007
70. Eric S. Maskin, Economics, 2007
71. Roger B. Myerson, Economics, 2007
72. Al Gore, Peace, 2007
73. Mario R. Capecchi, born in Italy, Physiology or Medicine, 2007
74. Oliver Smithies, born in United Kingdom, Physiology or Medicine, 2007
75. Roger D. Kornberg, Chemistry, 2006
76. John C. Mather, Physics, 2006
77. Edmund S. Phelps, Economics, 2006
78. George F. Smoot, Physics, 2006
79. Andrew Z. Fire, Physiology or Medicine, 2006
80. Craig C. Mello, Physiology or Medicine, 2006
81. Robert Aumann*, as an Israeli citizen, Economics, 2005
82. Robert H. Grubbs, Chemistry, 2005
83. Richard R. Schrock, Chemistry, 2005
84. Thomas Schelling, Economics, 2005
85. John L. Hall, Physics, 2005
86. Roy J. Glauber, Physics, 2005
87. Irwin Rose, Chemistry, 2004
88. Edward C. Prescott, Economics, 2004
89. David J. Gross, Physics, 2004
90. H. David Politzer, Physics, 2004
91. Frank Wilczek, Physics, 2004
92. Richard Axel, Physiology or Medicine, 2004
93. Linda B. Buck, Physiology or Medicine, 2004
94. Peter Agre, Chemistry, 2003
95. Roderick MacKinnon, Chemistry, 2003
96. Robert F. Engle, Economics, 2003
97. Anthony J. Leggett, born in United Kingdom, Physics, 2003
98. Paul C. Lauterbur, Physiology or Medicine, 2003
99. Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov, born in Russia, Physics, 2003
100. Daniel Kahneman*, born in Israel, Economics, 2002
101. Vernon L. Smith, Economics, 2002
102. Jimmy Carter, Peace, 2002
103. John Bennett Fenn, Chemistry, 2002
104. Raymond Davis Jr., Physics, 2002
105. Riccardo Giacconi, born in Italy, Physics, 2002
106. Sydney Brenner, born in South Africa, Physiology or Medicine, 2002
107. H. Robert Horvitz, Physiology or Medicine, 2002
108. William S. Knowles, Chemistry, 2001
109. K. Barry Sharpless, Chemistry, 2001
110. Joseph E. Stiglitz, Economics, 2001
111. George A. Akerlof, Economics, 2001
112. A. Michael Spence, Economics, 2001
113. Eric A. Cornell, Physics, 2001
114. Carl E. Wieman, Physics, 2001
115. Leland H. Hartwell, Physiology or Medicine, 2001
116. Alan Heeger, Chemistry, 2000
117. Alan MacDiarmid, born in New Zealand, Chemistry, 2000
118. James J. Heckman, Economics, 2000
119. Daniel L. McFadden, Economics, 2000
120. Jack Kilby, Physics, 2000
121. Paul Greengard, Physiology or Medicine, 2000
122. Eric Kandel, born in Austria, Physiology or Medicine, 2000
123. Ahmed H. Zewail, born in Egypt, Chemistry, 1999
124. Günter Blobel, born in then Germany, now Poland, Physiology or Medicine, 1999
125. Walter Kohn, born in Austria, Chemistry, 1998
126. Horst Ludwig Störmer, born in Germany, Physics, 1998
127. Robert B. Laughlin, Physics, 1998
128. Daniel C. Tsui, born in China, Physics, 1998
129. Robert F. Furchgott, Physiology or Medicine, 1998
130. Louis J. Ignarro, Physiology or Medicine, 1998
131. Ferid Murad, Physiology or Medicine, 1998
132. Paul D. Boyer, Chemistry, 1997
133. Robert C. Merton, Economics, 1997
134. Myron Scholes, born in Canada, Economics, 1997
135. Jody Williams, Peace, 1997
136. Steven Chu, Physics, 1997
137. William D. Phillips, Physics, 1997
138. Stanley B. Prusiner, Physiology or Medicine, 1997
139. Richard E. Smalley, Chemistry, 1996
140. Robert F. Curl Jr., Chemistry, 1996
141. William Vickrey, born in Canada, Economics, 1996
142. David M. Lee, Physics, 1996
143. Douglas D. Osheroff, Physics, 1996
144. Robert C. Richardson, Physics, 1996
145. Mario J. Molina, born in Mexico, Chemistry, 1995
146. F. Sherwood Rowland, Chemistry, 1995
147. Robert Lucas, Jr., Economics, 1995
148. Martin L. Perl, Physics, 1995
149. Frederick Reines, Physics, 1995
150. Edward B. Lewis, Physiology or Medicine, 1995
151. Eric F. Wieschaus, Physiology or Medicine, 1995
152. George Andrew Olah, born in Hungary, Chemistry, 1994
153. John Charles Harsanyi, born in Hungary, Economics, 1994
154. John Forbes Nash, Economics, 1994
155. Clifford G. Shull, Physics, 1994
156. Alfred G. Gilman, Physiology or Medicine, 1994
157. Martin Rodbell, Physiology or Medicine, 1994
158. Kary B. Mullis, Chemistry, 1993
159. Robert W. Fogel, Economics, 1993
160. Douglass C. North, Economics, 1993
161. Toni Morrison, Literature, 1993
162. Russell A. Hulse, Physics, 1993
163. Joseph H. Taylor Jr., Physics, 1993
164. Phillip A. Sharp, Physiology or Medicine, 1993
165. Rudolph A. Marcus, born in Canada, Chemistry, 1992
166. Gary S. Becker, Economics, 1992
167. Edmond H. Fischer, born in China, Physiology or Medicine, 1992
168. Edwin G. Krebs, Physiology or Medicine, 1992
169. Ronald Coase, born in the United Kingdom, Economics, 1991
170. Elias James Corey, Chemistry, 1990
171. Merton H. Miller, Economics, 1990
172. William F. Sharpe, Economics, 1990
173. Harry M. Markowitz, Economics, 1990
174. Jerome I. Friedman, Physics, 1990
175. Henry W. Kendall, Physics, 1990
176. Joseph E. Murray, Physiology or Medicine, 1990
177. E. Donnall Thomas, Physiology or Medicine, 1990
178. Sidney Altman, born in Canada, Chemistry, 1989
179. Thomas R. Cech, Chemistry, 1989
180. Hans G. Dehmelt, born in Germany, Physics, 1989
181. Norman F. Ramsey, Physics, 1989
182. J. Michael Bishop, Physiology or Medicine, 1989
183. Harold E. Varmus, Physiology or Medicine, 1989
184. Leon M. Lederman, Physics, 1988
185. Melvin Schwartz, Physics, 1988
186. Jack Steinberger, born in Germany, Physics, 1988
187. Gertrude B. Elion, Physiology or Medicine, 1988
188. George H. Hitchings, Physiology or Medicine, 1988
189. Charles J. Pedersen, born in Korea, Chemistry, 1987
190. Donald J. Cram, Chemistry, 1987
191. Robert M. Solow, Economics, 1987
192. Joseph Brodsky, born in Russia, Literature, 1987
193. Dudley R. Herschbach, Chemistry, 1986
194. Yuan T. Lee, born in Taiwan, Chemistry, 1986
195. James M. Buchanan, Economics, 1986
196. Elie Wiesel, born in Romania, Peace, 1986
197. Stanley Cohen, Physiology or Medicine, 1986
198. Rita Levi-Montalcini, born in Italy, Physiology or Medicine, 1986
199. Jerome Karle, Chemistry, 1985
200. Herbert A. Hauptman, Chemistry, 1985
201. Franco Modigliani, born in Italy, Economics, 1985
202. Michael S. Brown, Physiology or Medicine, 1985
203. Joseph L. Goldstein, Physiology or Medicine, 1985
204. Bruce Merrifield, Chemistry, 1984
205. Henry Taube, born in Canada, Chemistry, 1983
206. Gérard Debreu, born in France, Economics, 1983
207. William A. Fowler, Physics, 1983
208. Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, born in India, Physics, 1983
209. Barbara McClintock, Physiology or Medicine, 1983
210. George J. Stigler, Economics, 1982
211. Kenneth G. Wilson, Physics, 1982
212. Roald Hoffmann, born in then Poland, now Ukraine, Chemistry, 1981
213. James Tobin, Economics, 1981
214. Nicolaas Bloembergen, born in the Netherlands, Physics, 1981
215. Arthur L. Schawlow, Physics, 1981
216. David H. Hubel, born in Canada, Physiology or Medicine, 1981
217. Roger W. Sperry, Physiology or Medicine, 1981
218. Walter Gilbert, Chemistry, 1980
219. Paul Berg, Chemistry, 1980
220. Lawrence R. Klein, Economics, 1980
221. Czesław Miłosz*, born in then Russian Empire, now Lithuania, Literature, 1980
222. James Cronin, Physics, 1980
223. Val Fitch, Physics, 1980
224. Baruj Benacerraf, born in Venezuela, Physiology or Medicine, 1980
225. George D. Snell, Physiology or Medicine, 1980
226. Herbert C. Brown, born in the United Kingdom, Chemistry, 1979
227. Theodore Schultz, Economics, 1979
228. Steven Weinberg, Physics, 1979
229. Sheldon Glashow, Physics, 1979
230. Allan M. Cormack, born in South Africa, Physiology or Medicine, 1979
231. Herbert A. Simon, Economics, 1978
232. Isaac Bashevis Singer, born in then Russian Empire, now Poland, Literature, 1978
233. Robert Woodrow Wilson, Physics, 1978
234. Arno Penzias, born in Germany, Physics, 1978
235. Hamilton O. Smith, Physiology or Medicine, 1978
236. Daniel Nathans, Physiology or Medicine, 1978
237. Philip Anderson, Physics, 1977
238. John H. van Vleck, Physics, 1977
239. Roger Guillemin, born in France, Physiology or Medicine, 1977
240. Andrew Schally, born in then Poland, now Lithuania, Physiology or Medicine, 1977
241. Rosalyn Yalow, Physiology or Medicine, 1977
242. William Lipscomb, Chemistry, 1976
243. Milton Friedman, Economics, 1976
244. Saul Bellow, born in Canada, Literature, 1976
245. Burton Richter, Physics, 1976
246. Samuel C. C. Ting, Physics, 1976
247. Baruch S. Blumberg, Physiology or Medicine, 1976
248. Daniel Carleton Gajdusek, Physiology or Medicine, 1976
249. Tjalling C. Koopmans, born in the Netherlands, Economics, 1975
250. Ben Roy Mottelson*, Physics, 1975
251. James Rainwater, Physics, 1975
252. David Baltimore, Physiology or Medicine, 1975
253. Renato Dulbecco, born in Italy, Physiology or Medicine, 1975
254. Howard Martin Temin, Physiology or Medicine, 1975
255. Paul J. Flory, Chemistry, 1974
256. George E. Palade, born in Romania, Physiology or Medicine, 1974
257. Wassily Leontief, born in Germany, Economics, 1973
258. Henry Kissinger, born in Germany, Peace, 1973
259. Ivar Giaever, Norway, Physics, 1973
260. Christian Anfinsen, Chemistry, 1972
261. Stanford Moore, Chemistry, 1972
262. William H. Stein, Chemistry, 1972
263. Kenneth J. Arrow, Economics, 1972
264. John Bardeen, Physics, 1972
265. Leon N. Cooper, Physics, 1972
266. Robert Schrieffer, Physics, 1972
267. Gerald Edelman, Physiology or Medicine, 1972
268. Simon Kuznets, born in then Russia, now Belarus, Economics, 1971
269. Earl W. Sutherland Jr., Physiology or Medicine, 1971
270. Paul A. Samuelson, Economics, 1970
271. Norman Borlaug, Peace, 1970
272. Julius Axelrod, Physiology or Medicine, 1970
273. Murray Gell-Mann, Physics, 1969
274. Max Delbrück, born in Germany, Physiology or Medicine, 1969
275. Alfred Hershey, Physiology or Medicine, 1969
276. Salvador Luria, born in Italy, Physiology or Medicine, 1969
277. Lars Onsager, born in Norway, Chemistry, 1968
278. Luis Alvarez, Physics, 1968
279. Robert W. Holley, Physiology or Medicine, 1968
280. Har Gobind Khorana, born in India, Physiology or Medicine, 1968
281. Marshall Warren Nirenberg, Physiology or Medicine, 1968
282. Hans Bethe, born in then Germany, now France, Physics, 1967
283. Haldan Keffer Hartline, Physiology or Medicine, 1967
284. George Wald, Physiology or Medicine, 1967
285. Robert S. Mulliken, Chemistry, 1966
286. Charles B. Huggins, born in Canada, Physiology or Medicine, 1966
287. Francis Peyton Rous, Physiology or Medicine, 1966
288. Robert B. Woodward, Chemistry, 1965
289. Richard P. Feynman, Physics, 1965
290. Julian Schwinger, Physics, 1965
291. Martin Luther King, Jr., Peace, 1964
292. Charles H. Townes, Physics, 1964
293. Konrad Bloch, born in then Germany, now Poland, Physiology or Medicine, 1964
294. Maria Goeppert-Mayer, born in then Germany, now Poland, Physics, 1963
295. Eugene Wigner, born in Hungary, Physics, 1963
296. John Steinbeck, Literature, 1962
297. Linus C. Pauling, Peace, 1962
298. James D. Watson, Physiology or Medicine, 1962
299. Melvin Calvin, Chemistry, 1961
300. Robert Hofstadter, Physics, 1961
301. Georg von Békésy, born in Hungary, Physiology or Medicine, 1961
302. Willard F. Libby, Chemistry, 1960
303. Donald A. Glaser, Physics, 1960
304. Owen Chamberlain, Physics, 1959
305. Emilio Segrè, born in Italy, Physics, 1959
306. Arthur Kornberg, Physiology or Medicine, 1959
307. Severo Ochoa, born in Spain, Physiology or Medicine, 1959
308. George Beadle, Physiology or Medicine, 1958
309. Joshua Lederberg, Physiology or Medicine, 1958
310. Edward Tatum, Physiology or Medicine, 1958
311. Chen Ning Yang, born in China, Physics, 1957
312. Tsung-Dao Lee, born in China, Physics, 1957
313. William B. Shockley, Physics, 1956
314. John Bardeen, Physics, 1956
315. Walter H. Brattain, born in China, Physics, 1956
316. Dickinson W. Richards, Physiology or Medicine, 1956
317. André F. Cournand, France, Physiology or Medicine, 1956
318. Vincent du Vigneaud, Chemistry, 1955
319. Willis E. Lamb, Physics, 1955
320. Polykarp Kusch, born in Germany, Physics, 1955
321. Linus C. Pauling, Chemistry, 1954
322. Ernest Hemingway, Literature, 1954
323. John F. Enders, Physiology or Medicine, 1954
324. Frederick C. Robbins, Physiology or Medicine, 1954
325. Thomas H. Weller, Physiology or Medicine, 1954
326. George C. Marshall, Peace, 1953
327. Fritz Albert Lipmann, born in then Germany, now Russia, Physiology or Medicine, 1953
328. E. M. Purcell, Physics, 1952
329. Felix Bloch, born in Switzerland, Physics, 1952
330. Selman A. Waksman, born in then Russian Empire, now Ukraine, Physiology or Medicine, 1952
331. Edwin M. McMillan, Chemistry, 1951
332. Glenn Theodore Seaborg, Chemistry, 1951
333. Ralph J. Bunche, Peace, 1950
334. Philip S. Hench, Physiology or Medicine, 1950
335. Edward C. Kendall, Physiology or Medicine, 1950
336. William Giauque, born in Canada, Chemistry, 1949
337. William Faulkner, Literature, 1949
338. T. S. Eliot*, Literature, 1948
339. American Friends Service Committee (The Quakers), Peace, 1947
340. Carl Ferdinand Cori, born in Austria, Physiology or Medicine, 1947
341. Gerty Cori, born in Austria, Physiology or Medicine, 1947
342. Wendell M. Stanley, Chemistry, 1946
343. James B. Sumner, Chemistry, 1946
344. John H. Northrop, Chemistry, 1946
345. Emily G. Balch, Peace, 1946
346. John R. Mott, Peace, 1946
347. Percy W. Bridgman, Physics, 1946
348. Hermann J. Muller, Physiology or Medicine, 1946
349. Cordell Hull, Peace, 1945
350. Isidor Isaac Rabi, born in Austria, Physics, 1944
351. Joseph Erlanger, Physiology or Medicine, 1944
352. Herbert S. Gasser, Physiology or Medicine, 1944
353. Otto Stern, born in then Germany, now Poland, Physics, 1943
354. Edward A. Doisy, Physiology or Medicine, 1943
355. Ernest Lawrence, Physics, 1939
356. Pearl S. Buck, Literature, 1938
357. Clinton Davisson, Physics, 1937
358. Eugene O'Neill, Literature, 1936
359. Carl Anderson, Physics, 1936
360. Harold C. Urey, Chemistry, 1934
361. George R. Minot, Physiology or Medicine, 1934
362. William P. Murphy, Physiology or Medicine, 1934
363. George H. Whipple, Physiology or Medicine, 1934
364. Thomas H. Morgan, Physiology or Medicine, 1933
365. Irving Langmuir, Chemistry, 1932
366. Jane Addams, Peace, 1931
367. Nicholas M. Butler, Peace, 1931
368. Sinclair Lewis, Literature, 1930
369. Frank B. Kellogg, Peace, 1929
370. Arthur H. Compton, Physics, 1927
371. Charles G. Dawes, Peace, 1925
372. Robert A. Millikan, Physics, 1923
373. Woodrow Wilson, Peace, 1919
374. Theodore W. Richards, Chemistry, 1914
375. Elihu Root, Peace, 1912
376. Albert A. Michelson, born in then Germany, now Poland, Physics, 1907
377. Theodore Roosevelt, Peace, 1906

Venezuela[edit]

1. Baruj Benacerraf*, Physiology or Medicine, 1980

Vietnam[edit]

1. Lê Đức Thọ, born in French Indochina, Peace, 1973 (declined)

Yemen[edit]

1. Tawakkol Karman, Peace, 2011

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^Statistics about the Nobel Prize at the official website.
2. ^Chronological list of All Nobel Laureates on the official website of the Nobel Prize committee.
3. ^Jürgen Schmidhuber (2010): Evolution of National Nobel Prize Shares in the 20th Century, ArXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/1009.2634, web site 'Archived copy'. Archived from the original on 2014-03-27. Retrieved 2011-03-27.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
4. ^Example of an award applied to more than one country.
5. ^Example of a birthplace mentioned in addition to the country the award is applied to.
6. ^Example of an awarded organization that is related to a country